寶坻電機是一種(zhong)將電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換為機械能(neng)(neng)的裝置(zhi)。大多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在導線(xian)繞組中與磁場(chang)(chang)的相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)機軸(zhou)上形成力。電(dian)機應用(yong)場(chang)(chang)景眾多，在消費(fei)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、工業(ye)、車(che)載等都(dou)有應用(yong)。

下面我(wo)們首先(xian)通過復(fu)盤海(hai)外高端電(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)商的發(fa)展(zhan)歷程，了解率先(xian)布局(ju)(ju)高壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握一(yi)體化技術、掌握先(xian)發(fa)優(you)勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)企(qi)業(ye)高利潤的關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)機(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技術更新(xin)迭(die)代的機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局(ju)(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)等，真正實(shi)現(xian)國產替(ti)代沖出重圍(wei)，在下一(yi)階段競爭中搶(qiang)占(zhan)先(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)從而實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)(guang)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)產各部門以及家用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為驅動(dong)(dong)各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟各部門和(he)廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉居民提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)產工藝、技(ji)術(shu)標準等比較特殊而區別于(yu)(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上(shang)來看(kan)，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然不同(tong)，但一(yi)般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁(ci)、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支(zhi)撐固(gu)(gu)(gu)定(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多(duo)種(zhong)分(fen)類方式(shi)，按(an)照(zhao)應(ying)用領域(yu)分(fen)為動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力(li)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)、運行及(ji)制動(dong)性能(neng)，主要應用于(yu)汽(qi)車、家電(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)側(ce)重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量的(de)(de)幅頻(pin)特(te)性、相頻(pin)特(te)性及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)特(te)性的(de)(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定(ding)性、線性度(du)等指標(biao)，精度(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)快，主要在自(zi)動(dong)控制系統中承擔(dan)執行、檢測(ce)和(he)解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照(zhao)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其(qi)(qi)定子叫(jiao)初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其(qi)(qi)優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借助中間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)(qi)主要應用于(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置(zhi)或作為(wei)(wei)長期連續(xu)運(yun)(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸(xuan)浮列(lie)車(che)以(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式進一步分為(wei)步進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號(hao)轉換(huan)成角位移的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機，每輸(shu)入一個(ge)脈沖信號(hao)，步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機就按照設定的(de)方向轉動(dong)(dong)一個(ge)固(gu)定的(de)角度。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率和精度較低，多(duo)用于辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通信設備、印刷設備等(deng)領域。 

伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編碼器與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使得(de)驅(qu)動器可以根(gen)據(ju)目標(biao)值與編碼器的(de)反饋(kui)信(xin)號之間的(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動的(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而可實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)，主要適用于半導體、光伏、鋰電、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)等對于控制(zhi)(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)領域。空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用無(wu)鐵芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空心的(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的(de)(de)電機(ji)，采用開環控制。當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)降(jiang)低(di)轉(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)值時(shi)改變電機(ji)端(duan)電壓便可調速。在(zai)電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)低(di)速甚至(zhi)堵(du)轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)仍(reng)能(neng)(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)(de)力矩(ju)給負載(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)速、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能(neng)(neng)力強、響應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優(you)點。力矩(ju)電機(ji)分為有框(kuang)力矩(ju)電機(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力矩(ju)電機(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電源(yuan)類(lei)型分為(wei)直流電機(ji)和交(jiao)流電機(ji)

直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由直流電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動，交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動。直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟(qi)動力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在重(zhong)負載下啟(qi)動或需(xu)要均勻調(diao)節轉(zhuan)速的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音(yin)低，常用(yong)于(yu)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有(you)無進(jin)一步(bu)分為(wei)有(you)刷電機(ji)與無刷電機(ji)。對于直流電機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需(xu)要(yao)不(bu)斷改變電流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部的(de)磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動。通過(guo)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不(bu)斷改變，從而(er)(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)運動方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟動快速(su)、制動及(ji)時、調速(su)平穩，并且(qie)(qie)啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低(di)速(su)時扭(niu)矩大(da)，因而(er)(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具(ju)中。但由(you)于換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存(cun)在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽命短(duan)，并且(qie)(qie)效率較低(di)。

無刷電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣(qi)換向，以霍爾(er)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)等電(dian)子(zi)換向器替代了機械電(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線圈(quan)不動而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉(zhuan)。其(qi)原理是通過霍爾(er)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的位置，從而適時切換線圈(quan)中電(dian)流的方向，以產生正確方向的磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機。無刷電(dian)機的優勢在(zai)于故障率低、使用壽(shou)命長、運行時間和(he)電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類型(xing)(xing)分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅(jin)含一個繞(rao)組(zu)，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以(yi)產(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修方(fang)便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于小型(xing)(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生活場景(jing)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性和精度(du)高，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機床等(deng)(deng)工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。