大興電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多數(shu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流在導(dao)線繞組中與磁場(chang)的相(xiang)互作(zuo)用來產生(sheng)扭矩，作(zuo)用在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)(ying)用場(chang)景眾多，在消費市場(chang)、工業、車(che)載(zai)等(deng)都有應(ying)(ying)用。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)(xian)通(tong)過(guo)復(fu)盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了解(jie)率先(xian)(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化技(ji)術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)行業競(jing)爭激(ji)烈，人形(xing)機(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢待發(fa)(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住技(ji)術更新迭代的(de)機(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真正(zheng)實(shi)現國產替(ti)代沖(chong)出重圍，在下(xia)一階(jie)段(duan)競(jing)爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)磁相互作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國(guo)經(jing)濟生(sheng)產各部門(men)以及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)(yao)作為驅動各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)的(de)(de)動力(li)；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統吸收(shou)(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關(guan)設備(bei)的(de)(de)技術進(jin)步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民(min)經(jing)濟各部門(men)和廣大(da)城鄉居民(min)提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)(yao)是指(zhi)使(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準等比較特殊而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)(jie)構上(shang)來看，不同類型(xing)電機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構雖然(ran)不同，但一般都是由三大部分(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即固(gu)(gu)定部分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)(he)輔助(zhu)部分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定部分(fen)(fen)主要由定子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、端蓋(gai)及(ji)底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電和(he)(he)(he)支撐固(gu)(gu)定等(deng)(deng)結(jie)(jie)構部件組(zu)(zu)合；電機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、集電環(huan)、換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)(he)(he)風扇(shan)等(deng)(deng)部件；輔助(zhu)部分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸承、電刷和(he)(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)多種分類方式(shi)，按照(zhao)應用(yong)領域分為(wei)動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和控制電機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照(zhao)電源類型分為(wei)直(zhi)流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)功率較(jiao)大，注(zhu)重電(dian)機的(de)驅動(dong)、運(yun)行及制動(dong)性(xing)能，主要應用(yong)于汽車、家電(dian)、小型(xing)機床等(deng)領域。控(kong)制電(dian)機側重電(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度、靈(ling)敏度、穩定(ding)性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度等(deng)指(zhi)標，精度高、響應速(su)度快，主要在自動(dong)控(kong)制系統中(zhong)承擔執(zhi)行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進一步(bu)分為旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機展平(ping)而得，其(qi)定子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于(yu)可以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的機械(xie)能，而無需再借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)。常見(jian)的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可分為U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控(kong)制系(xi)統、短距離(li)需要巨(ju)大直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的裝置(zhi)或作為長期連(lian)續運行的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，例(li)如(ru)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)磁懸(xuan)浮(fu)列車(che)以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方(fang)式進一步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機、伺服(fu)電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電機是一(yi)種(zhong)把電脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)轉換成(cheng)角位移的電動(dong)機，每輸入一(yi)個脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，步進電機就按照(zhao)設(she)定的方向轉動(dong)一(yi)個固定的角度。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率和精度較低，多用于辦公自(zi)動(dong)化、通(tong)信(xin)設(she)備(bei)、印刷(shua)設(she)備(bei)等領域(yu)。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器(qi)可以根據目標值(zhi)與(yu)編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)差(cha)異來(lai)調整轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)角度，從而可實(shi)現(xian)更精密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用于半導(dao)體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)、工(gong)業自(zi)動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人(ren)等對于控制(zhi)精度、速度響(xiang)應(ying)、過載(zai)能力及穩定性要求高(gao)的(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞(rao)(rao)著繞(rao)(rao)組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制方(fang)向的電(dian)機，采用(yong)開環控(kong)制。當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定值時(shi)改(gai)變電(dian)機端電(dian)壓(ya)便可調速。在電(dian)動機低(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動機的損壞，并提供穩(wen)定的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)(li)強(qiang)、響應快、特(te)性線性度好等優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機分(fen)為(wei)有框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機和無(wu)框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流電(dian)(dian)機由直流電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)(qu)動，交流電(dian)(dian)機由交流電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)(qu)動。直流電(dian)(dian)機調(diao)速性能好、啟動力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于在(zai)重(zhong)負(fu)載下(xia)啟動或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速的機械。交流電(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪(zao)音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)的有無進一(yi)步分(fen)為(wei)(wei)有刷(shua)電(dian)機與無刷(shua)電(dian)機。對于(yu)直(zhi)流電(dian)機，為(wei)(wei)使轉子轉動需要不(bu)斷改變電(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)一起旋(xuan)轉，而(er)外部的(de)磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通(tong)過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調(diao)速(su)平穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低(di)速(su)時扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中(zhong)。但由于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且(qie)效率(lv)較低(di)。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)氣換向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)霍(huo)爾(er)元件(jian)(jian)等電(dian)子換向(xiang)(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其(qi)線圈(quan)(quan)不動(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)旋(xuan)轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件(jian)(jian)感知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置，從而適時切換線圈(quan)(quan)中電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)產生(sheng)正確方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率(lv)低、使用壽命長(chang)、運行時間和電(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類型(xing)分為單相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用單相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，需借助(zhu)啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容器等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單、維修方(fang)便(bian)，多應(ying)用于小型(xing)家用電(dian)(dian)器等生(sheng)活場(chang)景(jing)。三相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用三相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)分為三組(zu)(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多用于水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。