平谷電機是一種將(jiang)電能轉換為機(ji)械能的裝置。大(da)多數電機(ji)通過電流在導線(xian)繞(rao)組中與磁場(chang)的相互作(zuo)(zuo)用來產(chan)生扭矩，作(zuo)(zuo)用在電機(ji)軸上(shang)形成力。電機(ji)應用場(chang)景眾多，在消費市(shi)場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用。

下面(mian)我們(men)首(shou)先通過復盤(pan)海外(wai)高(gao)(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠商的發展歷程，了解率先布局高(gao)(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握(wo)一體化技術、掌握(wo)先發優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)(gao)利潤的關(guan)鍵(jian)。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技術更(geng)新(xin)迭(die)代的機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)機(ji)等，真正(zheng)實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍(wei)，在(zai)下一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機是(shi)一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用從(cong)而(er)(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機械(xie)系統(tong)輸出機械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機廣(guang)泛應用于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)經濟生(sheng)產各部門(men)以及(ji)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)各種機械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機從(cong)機械(xie)系統(tong)吸收機械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和相關設備的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國(guo)民經濟各部門(men)和廣(guang)大(da)城鄉(xiang)居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機主(zhu)要是(shi)指(zhi)使用環(huan)境、生(sheng)產工藝、技(ji)(ji)術標(biao)準等(deng)比較特殊而(er)(er)區別(bie)于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。

從結(jie)(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同(tong)(tong)類(lei)型電機結(jie)(jie)構(gou)雖然(ran)不同(tong)(tong)，但一般都(dou)是由三(san)大部分(fen)(fen)組成，即固定部分(fen)(fen)、轉動部分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助部分(fen)(fen)。固定部分(fen)(fen)主要由定子(zi)(zi)機座(zuo)、機架、定子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定子(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋(gai)及(ji)底板等(deng)(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電和(he)支撐固定等(deng)(deng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)部件(jian)組合；電機的轉動部分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉子(zi)(zi)支架、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組、集電環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部件(jian)；輔助部分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸承、電刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方式，按照(zhao)應(ying)用領(ling)域分(fen)為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機；按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機。

（1）按(an)照應用領(ling)域分為動力電機和(he)控制電機

動(dong)(dong)力電機(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大，注重電機(ji)的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)、運(yun)行及制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性能(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應用(yong)于(yu)汽車、家電、小型機(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電機(ji)側重電機(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅頻(pin)特(te)(te)性、相(xiang)頻(pin)特(te)(te)性及輸(shu)出特(te)(te)性的精度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩(wen)定性、線性度(du)(du)等指標，精度(du)(du)高、響應速度(du)(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統中承擔執(zhi)行、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進(jin)一步分為旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可看作由(you)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而(er)得，其(qi)定子叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于可以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)的機(ji)械能，而(er)無(wu)(wu)需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)(zhi)。常見(jian)的直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)、平(ping)板(ban)式(shi)和(he)(he)管(guan)式(shi)。其(qi)主要應用(yong)于自動(dong)控制系統(tong)、短距離需要巨大(da)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)能的裝置(zhi)(zhi)或作為長期連續運(yun)(yun)(yun)行(xing)的驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁懸浮列車以及(ji)無(wu)(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方(fang)式進一(yi)步(bu)分(fen)為步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電機是一(yi)(yi)種把(ba)電脈沖(chong)信號轉換(huan)成角位(wei)移(yi)的(de)電動機，每輸入(ru)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)脈沖(chong)信號，步進電機就按照設定(ding)的(de)方向轉動一(yi)(yi)個(ge)固定(ding)的(de)角度(du)。其結構簡單但效率(lv)和精度(du)較低，多用于辦公(gong)自動化、通信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服電機相(xiang)較于(yu)步進電機增加(jia)了編碼器(qi)與反饋機制(zhi)，使得驅動器(qi)可以根(gen)據(ju)目標值與編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)角度，從而可實現更精(jing)密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要適(shi)用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電、工業自動化、機器(qi)人等對于(yu)控制(zhi)精(jing)度、速度響(xiang)應(ying)、過載能力及穩(wen)定性要求高的(de)(de)領域(yu)。空心杯(bei)電機是(shi)一種特(te)殊的(de)(de)伺服電機，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結(jie)構，內(nei)部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)為控制(zhi)方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)機，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大(da)時能自動(dong)(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同(tong)時加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機端電(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調速。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機低(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的損壞，并提供穩(wen)定(ding)的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強(qiang)、響(xiang)應快、特性線性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機分為有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機和無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機。

（2）按(an)照電源類型分為直流電機和交(jiao)流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速(su)性(xing)能好、啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重負載下啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調節轉(zhuan)速(su)的機(ji)(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音(yin)低，常用(yong)于(yu)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電刷(shua)(shua)的有(you)無(wu)進一步(bu)分(fen)為有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電機(ji)(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電機(ji)(ji)。對于直流電機(ji)(ji)，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需(xu)要(yao)不斷(duan)改變電流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械(xie)換向(xiang)，內部的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器一起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢(shi)在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快(kuai)速、制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時、調速平(ping)穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低速時扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于換向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之(zhi)間存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換向，以霍(huo)爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換向器替代(dai)了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)不動(dong)(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)極旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)。其原理是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件感知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極的位置，從(cong)而適(shi)時切(qie)換線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向，以產生正確(que)方(fang)向的磁(ci)(ci)力(li)來驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用壽(shou)命長(chang)、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)機與三相電(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)(dan)相電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)相交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線圈(quan)或運行電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。特(te)點是結構簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三相電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)三相交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為三組(zu)，通(tong)入(ru)互差(cha)120°的(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產(chan)生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。三相電(dian)(dian)機效率(lv)高、功(gong)率(lv)大、可(ke)靠性和精度高，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。