大連電機是(shi)一種(zhong)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換(huan)為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流在導線繞組中與磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)相互作用來產生(sheng)扭矩(ju)，作用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上形(xing)成力。電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)應用場(chang)景眾多，在消費市場(chang)、工(gong)業(ye)、車載等都有應用。

下(xia)面我(wo)們(men)首先(xian)通(tong)過復(fu)盤海外高(gao)(gao)端(duan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了解率(lv)先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌握一體化技術、掌握先(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢是維持電機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)(gao)利潤(run)的(de)關鍵(jian)。當前電機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待(dai)發(fa)(fa)，驅動(dong)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商抓住技術更新迭(die)代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局伺服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正(zheng)實(shi)現國產替(ti)代沖出(chu)重圍，在下(xia)一階段競爭中(zhong)搶(qiang)占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產各(ge)部(bu)門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系(xi)統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關(guan)設備的(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使用環境、生(sheng)(sheng)產工藝、技術(shu)標準(zhun)等(deng)比較特殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看(kan)，不同類型電機(ji)結(jie)構雖(sui)然不同，但一(yi)般都是由(you)三(san)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定子(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底板等(deng)導磁、導電和支撐固(gu)定等(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)、集電環(huan)、換向器(qi)和風(feng)扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸承(cheng)、電刷(shua)和冷卻(que)器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有(you)多種(zhong)分(fen)類方式，按(an)照應用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機和控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機；按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)機和交流電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動、運(yun)行(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動性(xing)能，主要應用于(yu)汽車、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量的(de)幅頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出特性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速(su)度(du)快，主要在自動控制(zhi)(zhi)系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一(yi)步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而得，其定子(zi)(zi)叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)叫(jiao)次級，其優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而無(wu)需(xu)再借助(zhu)中間轉(zhuan)換裝置。常(chang)見的直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其主(zhu)要(yao)應(ying)用于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要(yao)巨大(da)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)能的裝置或(huo)作為(wei)長(chang)期連續運(yun)(yun)行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例(li)如用于(yu)磁(ci)懸浮列車(che)以及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進一(yi)步分為步進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電機(ji)是一(yi)種把(ba)電脈沖信號(hao)轉換成角位移(yi)的(de)電動機(ji)，每輸入一(yi)個脈沖信號(hao)，步進電機(ji)就按照設(she)定的(de)方向轉動一(yi)個固定的(de)角度(du)。其結構簡單但效率(lv)和精度(du)較低(di)，多用于辦公自動化、通信設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等領(ling)域。 

伺服(fu)電機(ji)相較于(yu)步進電機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與(yu)(yu)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)機(ji)制，使得(de)驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)可(ke)以根據目標值與(yu)(yu)編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整轉子轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)角度，從而可(ke)實現更(geng)精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)控制，主(zhu)要適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電、工業自(zi)動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于(yu)控制精(jing)度、速度響應、過載能力及(ji)穩定性(xing)要求(qiu)高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心杯電機(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電機(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)無鐵(tie)(tie)芯轉子，呈空心的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構(gou)，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵(tie)(tie)。

力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)開(kai)環控制。當負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時能自動降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調(diao)速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動）時仍(reng)能持續運轉(zhuan)，不(bu)會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并(bing)提供穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載(zai)，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過載(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)強、響應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度(du)好等(deng)優(you)點。力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動，交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性(xing)能好、啟動力矩大，適(shi)用于在(zai)重負(fu)載(zai)下(xia)啟動或需要均(jun)勻調節轉速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低(di)，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的(de)有無(wu)進一步分(fen)為(wei)有刷電機與無(wu)刷電機。對于直流電機，為(wei)使轉子轉動需要不斷(duan)改變電流方(fang)向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)(dong)。通過(guo)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷的交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調(diao)速平穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速時扭矩大，因(yin)(yin)而(er)能帶很重的負(fu)荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩擦，因(yin)(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽命短(duan)，并(bing)且效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換向，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)子換向器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動而磁極(ji)旋轉。其原理(li)是(shi)通(tong)過霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件感知永(yong)磁體磁極(ji)的位置(zhi)，從(cong)而適時(shi)切(qie)換線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方向，以產生正確(que)方向的磁力來驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的優勢(shi)在(zai)于故障率(lv)低(di)、使用壽命長、運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)間和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類(lei)型(xing)分為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅(jin)含一個繞組(zu)，需借(jie)助(zhu)啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容器等以產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單、維修方(fang)便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活(huo)場景。三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞組(zu)分為三(san)(san)(san)組(zu)，通(tong)入(ru)互差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠(kao)性(xing)和精度(du)高，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。