中山電機是(shi)一(yi)種將電能轉換(huan)為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置(zhi)。大多(duo)數電機(ji)通過電流在導線繞(rao)組中與磁場的(de)相互作用來產生扭矩，作用在電機(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)應用場景眾多(duo)，在消費市場、工(gong)業(ye)、車載等都有應用。

下(xia)面我們首先通過復(fu)盤(pan)海外(wai)高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發展(zhan)歷程，了解率先布局(ju)高(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興(xing)領(ling)域+掌握一體化技術、掌握先發優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利(li)潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競爭激(ji)烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術更(geng)新迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真正實現國(guo)產(chan)替(ti)代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段(duan)競爭中搶占(zhan)先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)(yong)從(cong)(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝(zhuang)置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型(xing)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于我國經(jing)濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部門(men)以及家(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為(wei)驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設備的技術進步(bu)，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部門(men)和廣大城鄉居民提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)環境、生(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝、技術標(biao)準等比(bi)較特(te)殊而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)子機座(zuo)、機架、定(ding)子鐵心(xin)、定(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)(he)支撐固定(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)部(bu)件組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)機的(de)轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉軸、轉子鐵心(xin)、轉子支架、轉子繞(rao)組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)件；輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分類方式，按照應用領域分為動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機和控制電(dian)(dian)機；按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)(dian)機和交流電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應(ying)用領域分為動(dong)力電機和控制(zhi)電機

動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能，主要應用于汽(qi)車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)領(ling)域。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅(fu)頻特性(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)出特性(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩(wen)定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)等(deng)指標，精(jing)度(du)(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)(du)快，主要在自動控制(zhi)系統中承擔(dan)執行、檢測和(he)解算(suan)功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式進一步分(fen)為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)(er)得，其定子叫(jiao)初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其優勢在于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)(er)無(wu)需再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可分(fen)為U型槽式、平板(ban)式和管(guan)式。其主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)控制系統、短(duan)距(ju)離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)或(huo)作為長期連(lian)續(xu)運(yun)(yun)行的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以及(ji)無(wu)鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進(jin)(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)(jin)電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)機(ji)。

步進電機是(shi)一種把電脈沖信號轉換成(cheng)角位移的(de)電動機，每輸(shu)入一個脈沖信號，步進電機就按照設(she)定的(de)方向(xiang)轉動一個固定的(de)角度(du)。其(qi)結構簡(jian)單(dan)但效率和(he)精度(du)較低，多用于辦公自(zi)動化、通信設(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)等領域(yu)。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)相較(jiao)于步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器與反饋(kui)機(ji)制，使得驅動器可以根據目標值與編(bian)碼器的(de)(de)(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更精密的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要適用(yong)于半(ban)導體(ti)、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器人(ren)等對于控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載(zai)能力(li)及穩定性要求高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)杯(bei)狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁(ci)鐵。

力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定值時(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可(ke)調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速甚(shen)至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)力矩(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過載(zai)能力強、響應(ying)快、特性線性度(du)好等(deng)優點。力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有框力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源(yuan)類(lei)型分為(wei)直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機由直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機調(diao)速性能好、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在(zai)重負載下(xia)啟動(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速的機械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機效率(lv)高、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無進一(yi)步分為有刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)流方(fang)向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起(qi)旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改變，從(cong)而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速時扭矩大(da)，因而(er)能帶很(hen)重(zhong)的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾(er)元(yuan)(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了(le)機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝置(zhi)，其(qi)線圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其(qi)原理是(shi)通過霍爾(er)元(yuan)(yuan)件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時(shi)切換線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以(yi)產(chan)生正確(que)方向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于(yu)故障率低(di)、使用壽(shou)命長(chang)、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一(yi)個繞組(zu)，需借助(zhu)啟動(dong)線圈或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用于小型家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)組(zu)，通入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可靠性和(he)精度高，多用于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工(gong)業領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。