西安電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)導線繞組中與磁場(chang)的(de)相(xiang)互(hu)作用來產生扭矩(ju)，作用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機軸上形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機應用場(chang)景眾多，在(zai)(zai)消費市場(chang)、工業、車載等都有(you)應用。

下面我們(men)首先通(tong)過復盤(pan)海外高端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的發展歷程，了解率先布(bu)局高壁壘/新興領(ling)域+掌握一體化技術、掌握先發優勢是(shi)維(wei)持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高利(li)潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待(dai)發，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓(zhua)住技術更(geng)新迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)局伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替(ti)代沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭(zheng)中搶(qiang)占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)以及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為(wei)驅(qu)動各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的(de)動力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備的(de)技術(shu)進步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)和廣大(da)城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比較特(te)殊而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結構(gou)雖然(ran)不同，但一般(ban)都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)和支撐固定(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)(zu)合(he)；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)、轉(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風(feng)扇等部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)(dian)刷和冷卻(que)器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有(you)多種分(fen)(fen)類方式，按照應(ying)用領域分(fen)(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分(fen)為動力電機和控制電機

動力電(dian)機輸(shu)(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注(zhu)重電(dian)機的驅動、運行(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)動性(xing)能，主要應用于汽(qi)車、家電(dian)、小型機床(chuang)等領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機側重電(dian)機輸(shu)(shu)出量的幅頻特性(xing)、相(xiang)頻特性(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出特性(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速(su)度(du)快，主要在自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進(jin)一步(bu)分(fen)為旋轉電機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉電機(ji)展平而得，其定(ding)子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次級，其優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)接(jie)將電能(neng)(neng)轉換為直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，而無(wu)(wu)需再借助中(zhong)間轉換裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為U型(xing)槽(cao)式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和(he)管(guan)式(shi)。其主(zhu)要應用于(yu)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)系統、短距(ju)離需要巨(ju)大直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)裝置(zhi)或作為長期連(lian)續(xu)運行的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及(ji)無(wu)(wu)鋼絲繩電梯的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方(fang)式進一(yi)步分為步進電(dian)機、伺(si)服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種把電(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)信(xin)號轉換成角位移的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸(shu)入一個脈沖(chong)信(xin)號，步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)定的(de)(de)方(fang)向轉動(dong)一個固定的(de)(de)角度。其結構簡單但(dan)效率和精(jing)度較低，多用于辦公自動(dong)化(hua)、通信(xin)設(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機相較于(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)機增(zeng)加(jia)了編(bian)碼(ma)器與(yu)反饋(kui)機制，使(shi)得驅動器可以根據(ju)目標值與(yu)編(bian)碼(ma)器的(de)(de)反饋(kui)信(xin)號(hao)之間的(de)(de)差異(yi)來調(diao)整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更(geng)精(jing)密(mi)的(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要適用(yong)于(yu)半導(dao)體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機器人等對于(yu)控(kong)制精(jing)度(du)、速(su)度(du)響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定(ding)性要求高的(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機是一種(zhong)特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)載轉矩(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大(da)(da)時能(neng)自動降低(di)(di)(di)轉速，同時加大(da)(da)輸出轉矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉矩(ju)(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低(di)(di)(di)速甚至堵轉（轉子無法轉動）時仍能(neng)持續(xu)運轉，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損壞，并提(ti)供穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低(di)(di)(di)轉速、大(da)(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度好(hao)等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)無框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類型分為直流電機和交(jiao)流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電機由直流(liu)(liu)電源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電機由交流(liu)(liu)電源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電機調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力矩大，適用于在重(zhong)負(fu)載(zai)下啟(qi)動(dong)或需要(yao)均勻調節轉速的機械。交流(liu)(liu)電機效率(lv)高、噪音低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有無進一步(bu)分(fen)為有刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于(yu)直流電(dian)機，為使轉子(zi)轉動需要(yao)不斷改變電(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)械(xie)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉，而外部(bu)的磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改變(bian)，從而改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩(wen)，并且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低(di)速時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因而能帶(dai)很重(zhong)的負荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)具中(zhong)。但(dan)由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短(duan)，并且(qie)效率(lv)較低(di)。

無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機械電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線圈不動而磁極(ji)旋轉。其原理是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)霍(huo)爾元(yuan)件感知永磁體磁極(ji)的(de)位置(zhi)，從而適(shi)時切換(huan)線圈中電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁力來驅動電(dian)機。無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行(xing)時間和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含一個繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，需借助(zhu)啟(qi)動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)。特(te)點是結構(gou)簡單(dan)、維(wei)修(xiu)方便，多(duo)應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生活場(chang)(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)分為(wei)三(san)(san)組(zu)(zu)，通(tong)入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大(da)、可(ke)靠性和精(jing)度高，多(duo)用(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。