電機是一(yi)種將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為機械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在導線繞組(zu)中與磁(ci)場(chang)的相互作(zuo)用來產生(sheng)扭矩，作(zuo)用在電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應用場(chang)景眾(zhong)多，在消費市(shi)場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用。

下(xia)面我們首先通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發展歷(li)程，了解率先布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化技術(shu)、掌(zhang)握(wo)先發優(you)勢是(shi)維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈(lie)，人(ren)形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄(xu)勢待(dai)發，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術(shu)更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇(yu)，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占(zhan)先機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系統輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生產各(ge)部門(men)以及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)備的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設(she)備的(de)技(ji)術進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟各(ge)部門(men)和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)指(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工藝、技(ji)術標(biao)準等比較特殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結構(gou)上來看，不同(tong)類(lei)型電(dian)機結構(gou)雖(sui)然不同(tong)，但一般(ban)都是由三大部(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)、轉動部(bu)分(fen)和輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐固定(ding)(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉動部(bu)分(fen)包括(kuo)轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉子(zi)(zi)支架、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風扇等部(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)包括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷和冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類(lei)方式(shi)，按照應(ying)用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力電機(ji)和控(kong)制(zhi)電機(ji)

動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)較大，注重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅動、運行(xing)及制動性能(neng)，主(zhu)(zhu)要應用于汽車(che)、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)量的幅頻特性、相頻特性及輸出(chu)特性的精度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩定性、線(xian)性度(du)(du)等指標，精度(du)(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)(du)快(kuai)，主(zhu)(zhu)要在自動控制系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解(jie)算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動方式(shi)(shi)進一步分為旋(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可看作由旋(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次級，其(qi)優勢在于可以(yi)直(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需(xu)再借助中(zhong)間轉換裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可分為U型(xing)槽式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應(ying)用于自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統、短距離需(xu)要(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作為長期連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動電(dian)機(ji)，例如(ru)用于磁懸浮列(lie)車以(yi)及(ji)無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按(an)照(zhao)控制方式進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號(hao)轉換成角位移(yi)的電(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個脈沖信號(hao)，步進電(dian)機就按照設(she)(she)定的方向(xiang)轉動(dong)一個固定的角度(du)。其(qi)結構(gou)簡單但效率和精度(du)較(jiao)低，多(duo)用于辦公自(zi)動(dong)化、通信設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等領域。 

伺服電機(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與(yu)反(fan)(fan)饋機(ji)制，使(shi)得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標(biao)值與(yu)編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)饋信號之間(jian)的(de)(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從(cong)而可實現(xian)更精密的(de)(de)控制，主要適用于半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精度、速(su)度響(xiang)應、過(guo)載(zai)能力及穩(wen)定性要求高的(de)(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電機(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯(xin)轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部(bu)環(huan)繞著繞組(zu)和(he)磁鐵(tie)。

力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機，采(cai)用開環控(kong)制。當負(fu)(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動機低速甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機的(de)損壞(huai)，并提供穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)力矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載能力強、響應快(kuai)、特性線性度好等(deng)優點。力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機分(fen)為有框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機和無框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機。

（2）按照電源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電機和(he)交流(liu)電機

直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機由直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機由交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機調(diao)速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)或需要(yao)均(jun)勻調(diao)節(jie)轉速的機械。交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音低，常用于家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的(de)有(you)無進一(yi)步分為有(you)刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向器一(yi)起旋轉，而外部的(de)(de)磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動。通過換(huan)向器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)向就會(hui)不斷改(gai)變，從而改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運動方(fang)向。其優(you)勢在(zai)于(yu)啟動快速(su)、制動及時(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并且(qie)啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速(su)時(shi)扭(niu)矩大，因而能帶很重的(de)(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等(deng)日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動工(gong)具中。但由(you)于(yu)換(huan)向器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽(shou)命短，并且(qie)效(xiao)率(lv)較低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機采用(yong)電(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾元件等電(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機械電(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不(bu)動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉(zhuan)。其原理是通(tong)過霍爾元件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的位(wei)置，從而適時切換線圈中電(dian)流的方向(xiang)，以(yi)產生(sheng)正確(que)方向(xiang)的磁(ci)力來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機。無(wu)刷電(dian)機的優勢在于(yu)故障率(lv)低(di)、使用(yong)壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與(yu)三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或(huo)運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特(te)點(dian)是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)三相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分(fen)為三組，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大(da)、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機床等工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。