吉林電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的裝置(zhi)。大多(duo)數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在導線繞組中(zhong)與磁(ci)場的相互作用來產生扭(niu)矩(ju)，作用在電(dian)機(ji)軸上形(xing)成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用場景眾(zhong)多(duo)，在消費(fei)市(shi)場、工業、車載(zai)等都有應用。

下面我(wo)們(men)首先(xian)通過復(fu)盤海外(wai)高(gao)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷(li)程，了(le)解率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)一(yi)體化(hua)技(ji)術、掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)先(xian)發(fa)優勢(shi)是(shi)維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)利潤的關鍵(jian)。當(dang)前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發(fa)，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住(zhu)技(ji)術更新(xin)迭代(dai)的機(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現(xian)國產替(ti)代(dai)沖出重(zhong)圍，在下一(yi)階段競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部門以(yi)及(ji)(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)技(ji)術進步，使(shi)人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部門和廣大城(cheng)鄉居民提供所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)工(gong)藝、技(ji)術標準等(deng)(deng)比(bi)較特殊而區(qu)別于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看(kan)，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般(ban)都(dou)是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，即(ji)固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁(ci)、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐固(gu)定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器和風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和冷卻(que)器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種分類方式(shi)，按照應用領域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分為直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)

動(dong)力(li)電機輸出(chu)功率較(jiao)大，注(zhu)重電機的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)、運行及(ji)(ji)制動(dong)性能(neng)，主要應用于汽(qi)車(che)、家電、小型機床(chuang)等(deng)領域。控制電機側(ce)重電機輸出(chu)量的(de)幅(fu)頻特性、相(xiang)頻特性及(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)特性的(de)精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等(deng)指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速(su)度(du)快(kuai)，主要在自動(dong)控制系統中(zhong)承擔(dan)執行、檢(jian)測(ce)和(he)解(jie)算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)電機(ji)和直線(xian)(xian)(xian)電機(ji)。直線(xian)(xian)(xian)電機(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電機(ji)展平而得，其定子(zi)叫初(chu)級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫次級，其優勢在于可以(yi)(yi)直接(jie)將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)為直線(xian)(xian)(xian)運動(dong)的機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)裝置。常見的直線(xian)(xian)(xian)電機(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管(guan)式(shi)。其主(zhu)要(yao)應用于自動(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短(duan)距離(li)需要(yao)巨大(da)直線(xian)(xian)(xian)運動(dong)能(neng)的裝置或作(zuo)為長期(qi)連續運行的驅動(dong)電機(ji)，例如用于磁懸浮(fu)列車以(yi)(yi)及無鋼絲繩電梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方式進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)分為步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

步(bu)進電機(ji)(ji)是一種把(ba)電脈(mo)沖信(xin)號轉換成角位移的電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖信(xin)號，步(bu)進電機(ji)(ji)就按照(zhao)設定的方向(xiang)轉動(dong)一個固定的角度。其結構簡單(dan)但效率和精度較低，多用(yong)于(yu)辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通(tong)信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)相較于(yu)步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與反饋機(ji)制，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目(mu)標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反饋信號之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異來(lai)調整轉子轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度，從而可實現(xian)更精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)、工業(ye)自(zi)動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等(deng)對于(yu)控制精(jing)度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉子，呈(cheng)空心的(de)(de)(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和(he)磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制方向的(de)電(dian)機，采用開環控(kong)制。當負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定值時(shi)改變電(dian)機端電(dian)壓(ya)便可(ke)調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)機低速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)強、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特(te)性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度好(hao)等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機分為有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機和(he)無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機。

（2）按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)直流電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)，交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由(you)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用于在(zai)重(zhong)負載(zai)下啟動(dong)或需要均勻(yun)調節轉速的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音低，常(chang)用于家用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有無(wu)進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對(dui)于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改(gai)變電(dian)流方(fang)向。

有刷電(dian)機采用機械換向，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)樞(shu)和換向器一起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)刷都(dou)不動(dong)(dong)。通過換向器與電(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)機運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)流的(de)(de)方向就會(hui)不斷改變，從(cong)而(er)改變電(dian)機的(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于(yu)(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調(diao)速平穩，并且啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低(di)速時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能(neng)帶很重的(de)(de)負荷(he)，常用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中(zhong)。但由于(yu)(yu)換向器與電(dian)刷之(zhi)間存在(zai)(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而(er)電(dian)刷易損耗(hao)、壽(shou)命短，并且效率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向，以(yi)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向器替代了機械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線圈(quan)不動而磁極旋轉。其(qi)原(yuan)理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁體磁極的(de)(de)位置，從而適時切(qie)換(huan)線圈(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向，以(yi)產生正(zheng)確(que)方(fang)(fang)向的(de)(de)磁力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無(wu)刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)優勢在(zai)于故障率(lv)低、使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)、運(yun)行(xing)時間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與(yu)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含(han)一個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以產生旋轉磁場(chang)(chang)。特(te)點是結構簡單(dan)、維修(xiu)方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生活場(chang)(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組分為(wei)三(san)組，通入互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生旋轉磁場(chang)(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵、機床(chuang)等(deng)(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。