上海電機是一種將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝(zhuang)置。大多(duo)數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在導線繞(rao)組中(zhong)與磁場(chang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景眾多(duo)，在消費市場(chang)、工業(ye)、車載等都(dou)有應用(yong)。

下(xia)(xia)面我們首先(xian)(xian)通(tong)過復(fu)盤海外高端電機(ji)廠商(shang)的發(fa)展歷程，了解(jie)率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局高壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興領域+掌握一體化技(ji)術、掌握先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電機(ji)企業(ye)高利潤的關鍵。當前電機(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發(fa)，驅(qu)動電機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技(ji)術更(geng)新(xin)迭(die)代的機(ji)遇(yu)，及時布(bu)局伺服(fu)電機(ji)、空(kong)心杯電機(ji)、無框電機(ji)等(deng)，真正實(shi)現國產替代沖(chong)出重圍，在下(xia)(xia)一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用從而實(shi)現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)(shu)出機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用于我國(guo)經濟(ji)生(sheng)產各(ge)部門以及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅(qu)動各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械設備的動力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備的技術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經濟(ji)各(ge)部門和(he)廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使用環(huan)境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比較(jiao)特(te)殊而區別于普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都是(shi)由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支(zhi)撐(cheng)固定(ding)等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多(duo)種分(fen)(fen)類方式，按(an)照應用領(ling)域分(fen)(fen)為動力電(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照電(dian)源類型分(fen)(fen)為直流電(dian)機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應(ying)用領域(yu)分為動力電機(ji)和控(kong)制電機(ji)

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率較大，注重電機(ji)(ji)的驅(qu)動(dong)、運行(xing)及(ji)制動(dong)性能，主要應用于汽車(che)、家電、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)床等領域。控(kong)制電機(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量的幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)特(te)性的精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性、線性度等指標，精(jing)度高、響應速度快，主要在自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制系(xi)統中承擔執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而(er)得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫(jiao)(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)(jiao)次級，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于(yu)可以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需(xu)再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置(zhi)。常見的直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平(ping)板(ban)式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主要應(ying)用于(yu)自(zi)動控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動能(neng)的裝置(zhi)或作為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁(ci)懸浮(fu)列(lie)車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)梯的驅(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按(an)照(zhao)控(kong)制(zhi)方式進一(yi)步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進(jin)電機(ji)是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)把電脈(mo)沖信號(hao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位移的(de)電動機(ji)，每輸(shu)入一(yi)(yi)個(ge)脈(mo)沖信號(hao)，步進(jin)電機(ji)就(jiu)按(an)照設定(ding)的(de)方向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動一(yi)(yi)個(ge)固定(ding)的(de)角度(du)。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率和精度(du)較低，多用(yong)于辦公自動化、通信設備、印刷設備等(deng)領域。 

伺服電機(ji)相較于步進(jin)電機(ji)增加了編碼(ma)(ma)器(qi)與(yu)反饋(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器(qi)可以根據目標值(zhi)與(yu)編碼(ma)(ma)器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)(de)角度，從而可實(shi)現更精密(mi)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰電、工(gong)業自動化(hua)、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速度響(xiang)應、過(guo)載能力及(ji)穩定性要求高的(de)(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電機(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)無(wu)鐵芯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀(zhuang)結構，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁(ci)鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方向的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制(zhi)。當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時能自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一(yi)定值時改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便(bian)可調速(su)。在電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍(reng)能持(chi)續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損(sun)壞，并(bing)提(ti)供穩定的(de)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)(zai)能力強(qiang)、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點(dian)。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)

直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流電(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由(you)交(jiao)流電(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性能(neng)好、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)在重負(fu)載下啟動(dong)(dong)或(huo)需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低，常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無進一(yi)步(bu)分為有刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)機，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋轉，而(er)外部的磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在于啟(qi)動(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)及時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在低速時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能(neng)帶(dai)很重的負荷，常(chang)(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存在摩擦(ca)，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽命短，并(bing)且(qie)效率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器替代了機械電(dian)(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置，其線圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉(zhuan)。其原(yuan)理是通過霍爾元件(jian)感知永(yong)磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置，從而適時切(qie)換(huan)線圈中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機。無刷電(dian)(dian)機的(de)優勢在(zai)于(yu)故(gu)障率低、使用壽命長(chang)、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分(fen)為(wei)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)與三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一個繞組(zu)，需借助(zhu)啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是結構簡單(dan)(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多應用于(yu)小型(xing)家用電(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生活(huo)場景(jing)。三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)分(fen)為(wei)三組(zu)，通入(ru)互(hu)差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)就可產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場。三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和(he)精(jing)度(du)高(gao)，多用于(yu)水泵、機(ji)床等(deng)工(gong)業領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。