巴南電機是(shi)一種將電能轉換為機(ji)械(xie)能的(de)裝置(zhi)。大多數電機(ji)通(tong)過(guo)電流在導線繞(rao)組(zu)中與磁場的(de)相(xiang)互作用(yong)來產生扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)在電機(ji)軸上形成力(li)。電機(ji)應用(yong)場景(jing)眾多，在消費(fei)市(shi)場、工業、車載等(deng)都有應用(yong)。

下面我(wo)們首先通過復盤海(hai)外高端(duan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的發展(zhan)歷(li)程，了解率先布局高壁壘/新興(xing)領(ling)域+掌(zhang)握一體化技術、掌(zhang)握先發優勢(shi)是維持(chi)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高利潤(run)的關鍵(jian)。當(dang)前(qian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動電機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓(zhua)住技術更(geng)新迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇(yu)，及時(shi)布局伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真(zhen)正實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在下一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換與傳(chuan)遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟生產各部門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)作為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備的(de)技術進步，使(shi)(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)民經(jing)濟各部門和廣大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是指使(shi)(shi)用(yong)環(huan)境、生產工藝、技術標準等(deng)(deng)比較特殊而區別(bie)于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)電機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)雖然(ran)不(bu)同(tong)，但(dan)一般(ban)都(dou)是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電和(he)支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)等(deng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組、集電環、換向器和(he)風扇(shan)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承、電刷和(he)冷(leng)卻(que)器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分(fen)類(lei)方(fang)式，按(an)照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機；按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力(li)電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動力電機輸出功率(lv)較(jiao)大，注重(zhong)電機的(de)驅動、運行(xing)及制(zhi)動性能，主(zhu)要應用于汽車(che)、家電、小型機床等領(ling)域。控(kong)制(zhi)電機側重(zhong)電機輸出量的(de)幅頻特性、相頻特性及輸出特性的(de)精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定(ding)性、線性度(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主(zhu)要在自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)中承(cheng)擔執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式(shi)(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由(you)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而得，其(qi)(qi)定子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其(qi)(qi)優勢(shi)在于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而無需再借助(zhu)中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要應用于(yu)自(zi)動控制系統(tong)、短距離(li)需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動能的(de)裝置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方(fang)式進(jin)一步分為(wei)步進(jin)電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖信號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)角位移(yi)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個脈(mo)(mo)沖信號，步進電(dian)機就(jiu)按照(zhao)設(she)定的(de)方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一個固定的(de)角度。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率和精度較(jiao)低，多用(yong)于辦公(gong)自動(dong)化、通(tong)信設(she)備、印刷(shua)設(she)備等領域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)與反(fan)饋機(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)(qi)可以根(gen)據目標值與編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋信號之間的(de)差異來(lai)調整(zheng)轉子轉動的(de)角度，從而可實現更精密的(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于半導體、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)人等對于控制精度、速度響(xiang)應、過載能力及穩定(ding)性(xing)要(yao)求高的(de)領域。空(kong)心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構，內部環繞著繞組(zu)和(he)磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭(niu)矩(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同(tong)時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定值(zhi)時改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩(wen)定的力(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)能力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速性(xing)能(neng)好、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟動(dong)(dong)或需要(yao)均(jun)勻調節轉速的(de)機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)刷的有無(wu)進一步分為有刷電(dian)機與無(wu)刷電(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)機，為使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷(duan)改變(bian)電(dian)流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部的(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都(dou)不動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向(xiang)就會(hui)不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)運動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟(qi)動(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)及時、調速(su)平穩，并(bing)(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速(su)時扭矩大，因(yin)而(er)能帶很重的(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等(deng)日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由(you)于換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽命短，并(bing)(bing)且效率(lv)較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線(xian)圈不動而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理是(shi)通(tong)過(guo)霍爾元(yuan)件感知(zhi)永(yong)磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置，從而適時切(qie)換線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確(que)方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于(yu)故障率低、使用(yong)壽命(ming)長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子(zi)僅(jin)含一(yi)個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或(huo)運(yun)行電(dian)容器(qi)等以(yi)產生旋轉磁場。特點(dian)是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應用于(yu)小型家用電(dian)器(qi)等生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子(zi)繞組分為(wei)三(san)組，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)就可(ke)產生旋轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大(da)、可(ke)靠(kao)性和精度高，多(duo)用于(yu)水(shui)泵(beng)、機(ji)床(chuang)等工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。