涪陵電機是一種(zhong)將電(dian)(dian)能轉換(huan)為機(ji)械能的裝(zhuang)置。大多數(shu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通過(guo)電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導線繞組(zu)中(zhong)與磁場(chang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景眾多，在(zai)(zai)消費市場(chang)、工業(ye)、車載等都有應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)通過復盤海外(wai)高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程，了解率(lv)先(xian)布(bu)局高壁壘/新興領域(yu)+掌握(wo)一(yi)體化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高利潤(run)的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發(fa)(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓(zhua)住(zhu)技術(shu)更新迭代(dai)的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖(chong)出重圍，在下(xia)一(yi)階段競(jing)爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相(xiang)互作用從(cong)而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用于(yu)我國經(jing)濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為(wei)驅動(dong)(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)(de)技術進(jin)步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門(men)和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)指使用環(huan)境、生產(chan)工藝、技術標準等比較特(te)殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)(jie)構上來看，不(bu)同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)(jie)(jie)構雖(sui)然不(bu)同，但一般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔(fu)(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機座、機架(jia)(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底板等導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)等結(jie)(jie)(jie)構部(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架(jia)(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換(huan)向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷卻(que)器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分(fen)(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機和控制電(dian)(dian)機；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按(an)照應用領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出功率較(jiao)大(da)，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)(dong)、運行及制動(dong)(dong)性(xing)能，主要(yao)應用于汽車、家電(dian)、小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)床等領域(yu)。控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側(ce)重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出量(liang)的幅頻(pin)特性(xing)、相頻(pin)特性(xing)及輸出特性(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速(su)度(du)快，主要(yao)在(zai)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制系統中承擔執行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式進一步分為(wei)(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而(er)得(de)，其(qi)定子叫初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以直(zhi)接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)的機(ji)械能，而(er)無需再借(jie)助(zhu)中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置。常(chang)見的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型槽式、平(ping)板式和(he)管式。其(qi)主要應(ying)用(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系(xi)統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的裝置或作為(wei)(wei)長期連(lian)續運行的驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機、伺(si)服電機、力矩電機。

步進電機是一(yi)種把電脈(mo)沖信號轉換成角(jiao)位(wei)移(yi)的(de)電動機，每(mei)輸入一(yi)個脈(mo)沖信號，步進電機就(jiu)按照(zhao)設定(ding)的(de)方向轉動一(yi)個固定(ding)的(de)角(jiao)度。其結構(gou)簡單但效(xiao)率和精(jing)度較低，多用于辦公自動化(hua)、通信設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較(jiao)于步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與(yu)反(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根據(ju)目標(biao)值(zhi)與(yu)編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異來(lai)調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)，從而(er)可(ke)實現更(geng)精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，主(zhu)要適用于半導(dao)體、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性(xing)要求高的(de)(de)(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞(rao)著(zhu)繞(rao)組和磁鐵(tie)。

力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為控制方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控制。當負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大(da)時能(neng)自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)速，同時加(jia)大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的(de)損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的(de)力矩(ju)(ju)給(gei)負載，具有(you)(you)低(di)轉(zhuan)速、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載能(neng)力強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等(deng)優點。力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有(you)(you)框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電源類型(xing)分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)電機由(you)直流(liu)電源(yuan)驅動，交(jiao)流(liu)電機由(you)交(jiao)流(liu)電源(yuan)驅動。直流(liu)電機調速(su)性(xing)能好(hao)、啟動力(li)矩(ju)大，適用于在重負載下啟動或需要均勻調節(jie)轉速(su)的機械。交(jiao)流(liu)電機效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有(you)無(wu)進(jin)一步分為有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)。

有(you)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)，而(er)外(wai)部(bu)的(de)磁極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、調速平穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低速時(shi)(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很(hen)重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽(shou)命短，并且效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向，以霍爾(er)元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動而(er)磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理是通(tong)過霍爾(er)元(yuan)件感知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置(zhi)，從而(er)適(shi)時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向，以產生(sheng)正確方向的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低(di)、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長、運行時間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定子僅(jin)含一個繞(rao)(rao)組，需借助啟動線(xian)圈(quan)或運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修(xiu)方便，多應用于(yu)小型家用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場景(jing)。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定子繞(rao)(rao)組分為(wei)三(san)組，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠(kao)性和精度(du)高，多用于(yu)水(shui)泵(beng)、機(ji)床等工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。