渝北電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導線(xian)繞組中與(yu)磁場(chang)(chang)的(de)相互作用(yong)來(lai)產生扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)(chang)景眾多(duo)，在(zai)(zai)消費市場(chang)(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首先通過復盤海外(wai)高端電機(ji)廠商的(de)發(fa)展歷程，了(le)解率(lv)先布(bu)局(ju)高壁(bi)壘/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌握一體化技術、掌握先發(fa)優勢(shi)是維持電機(ji)企業(ye)高利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電機(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢(shi)待(dai)發(fa)，驅(qu)動電機(ji)廠商抓住技術更新(xin)迭(die)代的(de)機(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局(ju)伺服(fu)電機(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)、無框電機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重圍(wei)，在下一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶(qiang)占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用從而實現能(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用于我(wo)國經濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)部門以(yi)及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)技術進(jin)步，使人們能(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)、水能(neng)、核能(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)、生物質能(neng)等能(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部門和廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)指使用環境、生產(chan)工藝、技術標準等比(bi)較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)上來看(kan)，不(bu)同(tong)類型電機(ji)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但(dan)一(yi)般都(dou)是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成，即固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板等導磁、導電和支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)等結(jie)(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組合；電機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、集電環、換向(xiang)器和風(feng)扇等部(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸承、電刷(shua)和冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分類方式，按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)應用領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)(dian)機和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)機；按(an)(an)照(zhao)(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)(dian)機和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應用(yong)領(ling)域分為(wei)動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)、運行(xing)及制動(dong)(dong)性能(neng)，主要應(ying)(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及輸出(chu)特(te)性的(de)精度、靈敏度、穩定(ding)性、線性度等指標，精度高、響應(ying)(ying)速度快，主要在(zai)自動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制系(xi)統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式進一步分為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機可看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機展(zhan)平而(er)得(de)，其(qi)定子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于可以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機械(xie)能，而(er)無需(xu)再(zai)借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機可分為U型(xing)槽式、平板式和管式。其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)應用于自動(dong)(dong)控制系(xi)統、短距離需(xu)要(yao)(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)能的裝置或作(zuo)為長期連續運(yun)行的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，例如用于磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一(yi)步(bu)(bu)分為步(bu)(bu)進電機(ji)、伺(si)服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種把電(dian)(dian)脈沖(chong)(chong)信號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)角位移的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸入一(yi)個脈沖(chong)(chong)信號，步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就按照(zhao)設定的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)一(yi)個固(gu)定的(de)角度。其(qi)結構簡單(dan)但效率和(he)精度較低，多用于辦(ban)公(gong)自動(dong)化、通信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服電機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步進電機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了(le)編(bian)碼器(qi)與反(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使(shi)得(de)驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根(gen)據目標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信號(hao)之間的(de)差異(yi)來(lai)調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度，從而可實現(xian)更精(jing)(jing)密(mi)的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于(yu)半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰(li)電、工(gong)業(ye)自動(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于(yu)控制(zhi)精(jing)(jing)度、速度響應、過載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)領域。空心杯電機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺服電機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心的(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和(he)磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)是(shi)以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)控制(zhi)方向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)電機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)開環(huan)控制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時(shi)能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定值時(shi)改變(bian)電機(ji)(ji)端電壓便(bian)可(ke)調速。在電動機(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持(chi)續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)損壞，并提供穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載能力強(qiang)、響(xiang)應快(kuai)、特性線(xian)性度好等優點。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有框(kuang)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟動力矩大，適用(yong)于在(zai)重負載下啟動或需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷的有無進一步分(fen)為(wei)有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對于(yu)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)需要(yao)不(bu)斷改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)器一起旋(xuan)轉，而(er)(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變(bian)，從而(er)(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)運動方向(xiang)。其優勢在于啟(qi)動快速(su)、制動及時、調速(su)平穩，并(bing)且(qie)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流大、在低速(su)時扭矩大，因而(er)(er)能帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但(dan)由于換(huan)向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在摩(mo)擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗(hao)、壽(shou)命短，并(bing)且(qie)效(xiao)率較(jiao)低。

無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向器替代了機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)不動而(er)磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍爾元件(jian)感(gan)知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極的位置，從而(er)適時切換(huan)線(xian)圈(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方向，以產生正確方向的磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使(shi)用(yong)壽命長(chang)、運行(xing)時間和電(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產生旋轉磁場(chang)。特(te)點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用(yong)于小(xiao)型(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活場(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞(rao)組分為三(san)組，通(tong)入互(hu)差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大(da)、可靠(kao)性和精度高，多用(yong)于水泵(beng)、機床等(deng)工業(ye)領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。