江北電機是一種將電能轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)械(xie)能的裝置。大多(duo)數電機(ji)通過電流在(zai)(zai)導(dao)線繞組中與磁場的相互作用(yong)來產(chan)生(sheng)扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電機(ji)軸上(shang)形成力。電機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景眾(zhong)多(duo)，在(zai)(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等(deng)都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)(xian)通過復盤(pan)海外高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)的發(fa)展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，了解(jie)率先(xian)(xian)布局高壁壘/新興領域+掌握(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)體化技術、掌握(wo)(wo)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業高利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住(zhu)技術更新迭代(dai)(dai)的機(ji)遇，及時布局伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產(chan)替代(dai)(dai)沖出(chu)重圍，在(zai)下(xia)一(yi)(yi)階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶(qiang)占(zhan)先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用從(cong)(cong)而(er)(er)實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。廣義(yi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用于(yu)我(wo)國經(jing)濟生(sheng)產各(ge)(ge)部(bu)門以及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，主要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備的技(ji)術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)夠利(li)(li)用熱能(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經(jing)濟各(ge)(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供(gong)所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指(zhi)使用環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技(ji)術標(biao)準等比較特(te)(te)殊而(er)(er)區(qu)別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)上來(lai)看(kan)，不(bu)同類型電(dian)機結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)雖然不(bu)同，但一(yi)般都(dou)是(shi)由三(san)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由定子(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底(di)板(ban)等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐固(gu)定等(deng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機的轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)支架、轉子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)(fen)為(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)(fen)為(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用(yong)領域分為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率較(jiao)大(da)，注(zhu)重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)(dong)、運(yun)行(xing)(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量(liang)的幅頻特(te)(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)(te)性(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)(te)性(xing)的精(jing)度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)(du)高(gao)、響(xiang)應速度(du)(du)快，主(zhu)要在(zai)自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統中承(cheng)擔執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)、檢測和解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運動方式(shi)進(jin)一步分為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由(you)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電機(ji)(ji)展(zhan)平而得，其(qi)(qi)定子(zi)叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)叫次(ci)級(ji)，其(qi)(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接將電能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動的機(ji)(ji)械能，而無(wu)需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常見的直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和(he)(he)管(guan)式(shi)。其(qi)(qi)主要應(ying)用于自動控制系統(tong)、短距離(li)需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動能的裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)長期連續運行(xing)的驅(qu)(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)，例如用于磁懸(xuan)浮(fu)列車以(yi)及(ji)無(wu)鋼絲繩(sheng)電梯的驅(qu)(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式進一步(bu)(bu)分(fen)為步(bu)(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電機(ji)(ji)是一種把電脈(mo)沖信號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)角位移的(de)電動機(ji)(ji)，每輸入(ru)一個脈(mo)沖信號，步進電機(ji)(ji)就按照設(she)定的(de)方向轉(zhuan)動一個固定的(de)角度(du)。其(qi)結構(gou)簡單但效(xiao)率和精度(du)較低，多用于辦公自動化、通信設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等(deng)領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)(ji)增加了(le)編碼器(qi)(qi)與反饋機(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)可以根據目標值(zhi)與編碼器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)(du)，從而可實現更(geng)精密(mi)的(de)(de)控制，主要適用(yong)于半導體(ti)、光(guang)伏(fu)、鋰電、工(gong)業自(zi)動(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)人等對于控制精度(du)(du)、速(su)度(du)(du)響(xiang)應、過載(zai)能力(li)及穩定性要求(qiu)高的(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心杯電機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無(wu)鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心的(de)(de)杯狀結構(gou)，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制方向的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制。當負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時(shi)能自動降低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定值時(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓(ya)便可調(diao)速(su)(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法(fa)轉(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)能力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等(deng)優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)驅動，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速(su)性(xing)能好、啟動力矩大，適用于在重負載(zai)下啟動或需(xu)要均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有無(wu)進(jin)一步(bu)分為有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機與無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機。對于(yu)直流電(dian)(dian)機，為使轉子轉動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋轉，而外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交(jiao)替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷(duan)改變(bian)(bian)，從(cong)而改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調(diao)速平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低速時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等(deng)日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)具中。但由(you)于(yu)(yu)換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間(jian)存在摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍(huo)(huo)爾元件(jian)(jian)等電(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不動而(er)磁極旋(xuan)轉。其(qi)原(yuan)理是通過霍(huo)(huo)爾元件(jian)(jian)感知永(yong)磁體磁極的位置，從而(er)適時切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生(sheng)正確方(fang)向(xiang)的磁力來驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)。無刷電(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故障(zhang)率低、使用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)照電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)類型(xing)分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)容器等以產生(sheng)旋轉磁場。特點是結(jie)構(gou)簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用于小(xiao)型(xing)家用電(dian)器等生(sheng)活場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分(fen)為三(san)組，通入互差120°的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)就可(ke)產生(sheng)旋轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可(ke)靠性和(he)精度高，多用于水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。