大渡口電機是一種(zhong)將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)導線繞組(zu)中與磁(ci)場的相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機軸上(shang)形成力。電(dian)機應用(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等(deng)都有應用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)通過復(fu)盤海(hai)外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘/新興領域(yu)+掌(zhang)握一(yi)(yi)體化技術、掌(zhang)握先(xian)發優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關(guan)鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)(ren)形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)(ren)蓄(xu)勢待發，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓(zhua)住技術更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實(shi)現國產替代沖出重圍，在(zai)下一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段競(jing)爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占(zhan)先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相(xiang)互作用從而(er)實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用于我(wo)國經濟生產各(ge)(ge)部門(men)以及家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主要(yao)作為驅動(dong)(dong)各(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)設備的動(dong)(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關設備的技(ji)術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟各(ge)(ge)部門(men)和(he)(he)廣大城鄉居民提(ti)供(gong)所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用環(huan)境、生產工藝、技(ji)術(shu)標準(zhun)等比較特殊而(er)區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同類型(xing)電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般(ban)都是由三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定子機座、機架、定子鐵心、定子繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等導磁、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)定等結構(gou)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換(huan)向器(qi)和(he)風扇(shan)等部(bu)件(jian)(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多(duo)種分(fen)類方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)機和(he)控制電(dian)機；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機和(he)交流電(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領(ling)域分為動(dong)力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)機輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率較大(da)，注(zhu)重(zhong)電(dian)機的驅動(dong)(dong)、運行(xing)及制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性能，主要(yao)應用(yong)于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)機側重(zhong)電(dian)機輸出(chu)(chu)量的幅頻特性、相頻特性及輸出(chu)(chu)特性的精度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速(su)度(du)快，主要(yao)在自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)中承擔(dan)執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測和(he)解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)一步分(fen)為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而得，其定子(zi)叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)次(ci)級，其優勢在于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而無(wu)需再(zai)借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)(he)管式(shi)。其主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短(duan)距離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)(dong)能的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作為(wei)(wei)長期連續(xu)運行的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用于磁懸浮(fu)列車以及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步分為(wei)步進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力矩電(dian)機。

步進電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種把電脈沖信號轉換成角位移的電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，每輸入一個脈沖信號，步進電機(ji)(ji)(ji)就按照設(she)(she)定的方向轉動(dong)一個固定的角度。其(qi)結構(gou)簡單但效率(lv)和精度較低，多(duo)用(yong)于辦公自動(dong)化、通信設(she)(she)備、印(yin)刷設(she)(she)備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機相較于(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機增加(jia)了(le)編(bian)碼器(qi)與反饋機制(zhi)，使得(de)驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根據目標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)差異來調整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而(er)可(ke)實現更(geng)精(jing)密(mi)的(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)于(yu)半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機器(qi)人等對于(yu)控制(zhi)精(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力及(ji)穩定性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)高的(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機是一種特殊的(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，采用(yong)無鐵(tie)(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈空心的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵(tie)(tie)。

力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以(yi)扭矩為控(kong)制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環(huan)控(kong)制。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩增(zeng)大時能(neng)自動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩為一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)低速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的損壞(huai)，并提供穩定的力(li)矩給負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩、過載能(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特性線性度(du)好等優點。力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機

直流(liu)電(dian)機由直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機由交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)機調速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于在重(zhong)負(fu)載下(xia)啟動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉(zhuan)速(su)的(de)機械。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有無進一步分(fen)為(wei)有刷電機與(yu)無刷電機。對于(yu)直流電機，為(wei)使轉子轉動需(xu)要不(bu)斷(duan)改變電流方向(xiang)。

有(you)刷電(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)，內(nei)部的(de)(de)電(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部的(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)刷都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與電(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)機運行時電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)(bian)，從(cong)而(er)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)機的(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調速平(ping)穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大、在低(di)速時扭(niu)矩(ju)大，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)鉆(zhan)等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但(dan)由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與電(dian)刷之(zhi)間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)刷易(yi)損耗(hao)、壽(shou)命(ming)短，并且效(xiao)率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾(er)(er)元件(jian)等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)替代了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其(qi)線圈(quan)不(bu)動而(er)磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉(zhuan)。其(qi)原理是通過霍(huo)爾(er)(er)元件(jian)感知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極的(de)位置，從(cong)而(er)適時切換(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用(yong)壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)壓比(bi)較(jiao)穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)容器等以產生旋轉磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多(duo)應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組分為三(san)(san)組，通入(ru)互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)(gao)、功率大、可靠性(xing)和精(jing)度高(gao)(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。