濱州電機是一種將電能(neng)轉換為機械能(neng)的(de)裝置。大多數(shu)電機通過電流(liu)在(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與磁場的(de)相互作(zuo)用來產生扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用在(zai)電機軸(zhou)上(shang)形(xing)成力(li)。電機應用場景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等都有應用。

下(xia)(xia)面我們(men)首先通過復(fu)盤海外高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的發(fa)展歷程，了解率先布(bu)局高壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握一(yi)體化技術(shu)、掌(zhang)握先發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓住(zhu)技術(shu)更(geng)新迭代(dai)(dai)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時(shi)布(bu)局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正(zheng)實現國產替代(dai)(dai)沖出重圍，在下(xia)(xia)一(yi)階段競(jing)爭中搶(qiang)占先機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)(yong)從(cong)而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于我國(guo)經濟生產各(ge)部門以及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關(guan)設備的(de)(de)技術(shu)進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民(min)經濟各(ge)部門和廣大城鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)(yong)環(huan)境(jing)、生產工藝、技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)等(deng)比較特殊而(er)區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結構(gou)(gou)上來(lai)看，不同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結構(gou)(gou)雖(sui)然不同(tong)，但一般(ban)都是由(you)三大部分(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)定(ding)部分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助部分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)部分(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)繞組、端蓋(gai)及底板等導磁(ci)、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)等結構(gou)(gou)部件(jian)組合；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇等部件(jian)；輔(fu)助部分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷(leng)卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種分類方式(shi)，按照應用領域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分為直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分為動力電機和控制(zhi)電機

動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)輸出功(gong)率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的驅動(dong)、運(yun)行及制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)能，主要(yao)(yao)應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床等(deng)領域(yu)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸出量的幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相(xiang)頻特(te)性(xing)及輸出特(te)性(xing)的精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度(du)等(deng)指標，精度(du)高、響應(ying)速(su)度(du)快，主要(yao)(yao)在自動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢測和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式進一(yi)步分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)機和直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機可(ke)看作(zuo)(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)機展平而(er)得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫(jiao)初級(ji)(ji)、轉子(zi)叫(jiao)次級(ji)(ji)，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)機械能(neng)，而(er)無需再借助(zhu)中間(jian)轉換(huan)裝(zhuang)置。常見(jian)的(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平板式和管式。其(qi)主要應(ying)用(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)控制系(xi)統、短距離(li)需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機，例如用(yong)于磁懸浮列(lie)車以(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)機。

步進電機(ji)是一(yi)種把電脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)轉換(huan)成角位移的(de)電動(dong)機(ji)，每(mei)輸入一(yi)個脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，步進電機(ji)就(jiu)按照設定的(de)方向轉動(dong)一(yi)個固定的(de)角度(du)。其(qi)結構簡單(dan)但效率和(he)精度(du)較低，多(duo)用于辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)相較(jiao)于步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)增加(jia)了編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)可以根據目(mu)標值與(yu)編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)(de)差異來調整轉子轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)角度，從而可實現(xian)更(geng)精密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要適(shi)用于半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)(qi)人(ren)等對于控制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載(zai)能力及穩定性(xing)要求高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心杯電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵(tie)芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的(de)(de)(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，內(nei)部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能(neng)(neng)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時仍能(neng)(neng)持(chi)續運(yun)轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特(te)性線性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機(ji)(ji)和交流電機(ji)(ji)

直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流電(dian)源驅動，交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交(jiao)流電(dian)源驅動。直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用于在重負(fu)載(zai)下啟(qi)動或需(xu)要均(jun)勻調(diao)節轉速的(de)機(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、噪音低，常用于家(jia)用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)的有無進一(yi)步分為有刷(shua)電機(ji)(ji)與無刷(shua)電機(ji)(ji)。對于(yu)直(zhi)流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)，為使(shi)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)需要不斷改變電流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器一(yi)起(qi)旋轉(zhuan)，而外部的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不動(dong)。通過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就會(hui)不斷改變(bian)(bian)，從而改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于啟動(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)及時(shi)(shi)、調速平穩，并且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低速時(shi)(shi)扭(niu)矩大，因(yin)(yin)而能(neng)帶很重的負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等(deng)日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)中。但由(you)于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之(zhi)間存在(zai)(zai)摩擦，因(yin)(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命(ming)短，并且效(xiao)率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍(huo)(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機械(xie)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不(bu)動而磁極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍(huo)(huo)爾元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)感知永磁體磁極的(de)位置，從而適時切換線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產(chan)生(sheng)正確(que)方向(xiang)的(de)磁力來(lai)驅動電(dian)(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機的(de)優勢在于(yu)故障率(lv)低、使用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分為(wei)單相電(dian)機與三(san)(san)(san)相電(dian)機。單相電(dian)機采用單相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子僅含(han)一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點(dian)是(shi)結(jie)構簡單、維修(xiu)方(fang)便(bian)，多應用于(yu)小型(xing)家用電(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場景。三(san)(san)(san)相電(dian)機采用三(san)(san)(san)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子繞組分為(wei)三(san)(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)(san)(san)相電(dian)機效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度高，多用于(yu)水泵、機床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。