煙臺電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為(wei)機(ji)械能的裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)導(dao)線繞組中與(yu)磁場(chang)的相互作用來產生扭矩，作用在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上(shang)形成力(li)。電(dian)機(ji)應用場(chang)景(jing)眾多，在(zai)消費市場(chang)、工業(ye)、車載等都有(you)應用。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)通過(guo)復(fu)盤(pan)海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的(de)發展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領域+掌握(wo)一體化技(ji)術、掌握(wo)先(xian)發優勢是維持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵(jian)。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人(ren)(ren)蓄勢待(dai)發，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住(zhu)技(ji)術更新迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實現國(guo)產替代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階(jie)段競(jing)爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互作用(yong)從而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳(chuan)遞的機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)械系統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)(chu)機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)(sheng)產各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門以及(ji)(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主要作為驅動各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)械設備的動力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)從機(ji)械系統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)相關設備的技(ji)術(shu)進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民(min)經濟各(ge)(ge)部(bu)(bu)門和(he)廣大(da)城鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主要是(shi)指(zhi)使用(yong)環境、生(sheng)(sheng)產工藝、技(ji)術(shu)標準等比較特殊(shu)而(er)區別于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來(lai)看，不(bu)同類型電機(ji)(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖(sui)然不(bu)同，但(dan)一般都(dou)是(shi)由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分組成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分和(he)(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底板(ban)等導(dao)磁(ci)、導(dao)電和(he)(he)支撐固定(ding)等結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組、集電環、換向器和(he)(he)風(feng)扇等部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分包括(kuo)軸承、電刷和(he)(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多(duo)種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按照應用(yong)領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用領域分為動力電機和控制電機

動力電機(ji)輸出功(gong)(gong)率(lv)較大，注重(zhong)電機(ji)的驅動、運行及(ji)制動性(xing)能(neng)，主要應用于汽(qi)車、家(jia)電、小型機(ji)床等(deng)領(ling)域。控制電機(ji)側重(zhong)電機(ji)輸出量的幅頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及(ji)輸出特性(xing)的精度、靈敏度、穩定(ding)性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度等(deng)指標(biao)，精度高(gao)、響應速度快，主要在自動控制系統(tong)中承擔執(zhi)行、檢測(ce)和解算(suan)功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式進一(yi)步分(fen)為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)直線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展(zhan)平而得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直接(jie)將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為直線運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能，而無(wu)需再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換裝置。常見的直線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為U型槽式、平板式和(he)管(guan)式。其(qi)主(zhu)要應用于自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需要巨大(da)直線運(yun)動(dong)(dong)能的裝置或作(zuo)(zuo)為長(chang)期連續運(yun)行(xing)的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于磁懸浮列車以(yi)及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)把電(dian)(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成角位移(yi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖信(xin)號，步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)(she)定的方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一個固定的角度(du)。其結構簡(jian)單但效率和精度(du)較低，多用于辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通(tong)信(xin)設(she)(she)備、印刷設(she)(she)備等領域(yu)。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機相較(jiao)于步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機增(zeng)加(jia)了編碼器(qi)與反饋機制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根(gen)據目標(biao)值與編碼器(qi)的(de)反饋信號之間的(de)差異來(lai)調整轉子(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)角度，從而可實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業自動(dong)化、機器(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速(su)度響(xiang)應(ying)、過載能(neng)力及穩(wen)定性要求高的(de)領(ling)域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)機是(shi)一種(zhong)特殊的(de)伺(si)服電(dian)機，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈空心的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制。當(dang)負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大(da)時能(neng)自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同時加大(da)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并(bing)提供穩定(ding)的力矩(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力強(qiang)、響應快、特性線(xian)性度(du)好(hao)等優(you)點。力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交(jiao)流電機

直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅動，交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機由(you)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅動。直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機調速性能(neng)好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適(shi)用于在重負(fu)載(zai)下(xia)啟(qi)動或需要均勻調節轉速的機械。交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音(yin)低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)的有無進一步分為有刷(shua)電機(ji)與無刷(shua)電機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷(duan)改變電流(liu)方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械(xie)換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷的交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)，從(cong)而(er)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運動(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟(qi)動(dong)快速、制(zhi)動(dong)及(ji)時、調速平穩(wen)，并且(qie)啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速時扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而(er)能(neng)帶很重的負(fu)荷，常(chang)用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在摩擦，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽命短(duan)，并且(qie)效率較(jiao)低。

無(wu)刷電機(ji)采用電氣換(huan)向，以霍爾(er)元件(jian)等電子(zi)換(huan)向器替代了(le)機(ji)械電刷裝(zhuang)置，其(qi)線圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通(tong)過霍爾(er)元件(jian)感知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的位置，從而適時切換(huan)線圈中電流的方(fang)向，以產生正確方(fang)向的磁(ci)力(li)來驅動(dong)電機(ji)。無(wu)刷電機(ji)的優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)、運行時間和(he)電壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含(han)一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)(duo)應用于(yu)小型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生(sheng)活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為(wei)三組，通(tong)入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大(da)、可靠(kao)性和(he)精度(du)高，多(duo)(duo)用于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工業領(ling)域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。