東營電機是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)導線繞(rao)組中與磁場的相互作用(yong)來產(chan)生扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景眾多(duo)，在(zai)消費市(shi)場、工業、車載等都有應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)通(tong)過復盤海(hai)外高(gao)端電機廠商的(de)發(fa)展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興領(ling)域+掌握一體(ti)化技(ji)術、掌握先(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電機企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前(qian)電機行業競爭激烈，人形機器人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電機廠商抓(zhua)住技(ji)術更新迭代的(de)機遇，及時布局伺服電機、空心杯(bei)電機、無框電機等，真(zhen)正實現國產(chan)替代沖(chong)出重圍，在下一階段(duan)競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)機。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)用電(dian)(dian)與磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換(huan)與傳(chuan)遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)(xi)收電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我(wo)國(guo)經濟(ji)生產各部門(men)以及家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)為驅(qu)動(dong)各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備(bei)的(de)動(dong)力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備(bei)的(de)技術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利(li)用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)各部門(men)和(he)廣大城鄉居(ju)民(min)提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)種電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指(zhi)使用環(huan)境(jing)、生產工藝、技術標準等(deng)比較特(te)(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構上來看，不同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構雖然不同，但一(yi)般都是由三大(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由定子(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定子(zi)鐵心(xin)(xin)、定子(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋(gai)及底板等(deng)導(dao)磁(ci)、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)和支(zhi)(zhi)撐(cheng)固(gu)定等(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合(he)；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心(xin)(xin)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支(zhi)(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換(huan)向(xiang)器和風(feng)扇(shan)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種(zhong)分(fen)類方式，按照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域(yu)分為動(dong)力(li)電機和控(kong)制電機

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)(gong)率較大，注重電機(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主要應用于汽車、家電、小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等領(ling)域。控(kong)制電機(ji)(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的幅(fu)頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的精度(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)(xing)度(du)等指標(biao)，精度(du)高(gao)、響應速度(du)快，主要在自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)制系(xi)統中承擔執(zhi)行、檢(jian)測和(he)解算功(gong)(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進一步(bu)分為旋(xuan)轉電機(ji)和直(zhi)線電機(ji)。直(zhi)線電機(ji)可看(kan)作由(you)旋(xuan)轉電機(ji)展平而得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次(ci)級，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于可以(yi)直(zhi)接將電能(neng)轉換為直(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再(zai)借助(zhu)中間(jian)轉換裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線電機(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和管(guan)式(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)應用于自動(dong)控制系統、短(duan)距離需要(yao)(yao)巨(ju)大直(zhi)線運(yun)(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置或作為長期連續運(yun)(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)電機(ji)，例(li)如用于磁懸浮(fu)列車(che)以(yi)及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電梯的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一(yi)步分為步進電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電機(ji)是(shi)一(yi)種把電脈沖信號(hao)轉換成角位移(yi)的電動(dong)機(ji)，每輸入(ru)一(yi)個(ge)脈沖信號(hao)，步進電機(ji)就按照設(she)定(ding)(ding)的方(fang)向轉動(dong)一(yi)個(ge)固定(ding)(ding)的角度。其結構(gou)簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于辦公自(zi)動(dong)化、通信設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于(yu)步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)與反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根據目標值與編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)饋(kui)信號之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)(de)(de)角度，從(cong)而(er)可(ke)實現(xian)更(geng)精密的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人(ren)等(deng)對于(yu)控制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能力及穩定(ding)性要求高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用無(wu)鐵(tie)芯(xin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈空心的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)控制方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)開環控制。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時(shi)(shi)能自動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加(jia)大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)(shi)仍(reng)能持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞(huai)，并提供(gong)穩定的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類(lei)型分為(wei)直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交流電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)或需(xu)要均(jun)勻調節轉(zhuan)速的機(ji)械。交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪(zao)音低，常用于家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)的有無進一步(bu)分為有刷(shua)電機(ji)(ji)與無刷(shua)電機(ji)(ji)。對于直流電機(ji)(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電流方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器一起旋轉，而(er)外部的磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動。通過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)就會(hui)不(bu)斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運動方向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在于啟動快速、制動及時(shi)、調(diao)速平穩，并且(qie)啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低速時(shi)扭矩(ju)大，因(yin)而(er)能帶很重(zhong)的負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存(cun)在摩擦，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向，以(yi)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)換向器(qi)替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁極(ji)旋轉。其(qi)原理是(shi)通過(guo)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁體磁極(ji)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時切換線(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)向，以(yi)產(chan)生正確(que)方(fang)向的(de)(de)磁力來(lai)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)在于(yu)故障(zhang)率(lv)低、使用壽命(ming)長、運(yun)行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類型分為單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定子僅含(han)一(yi)個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容器等以產(chan)(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)(dan)(dan)、維(wei)修(xiu)方便(bian)，多(duo)應用于(yu)小型家用電(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)組，通入(ru)互差120°的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可(ke)產(chan)(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠性和精(jing)度高，多(duo)用于(yu)水泵、機(ji)床等工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。