濟寧電機是(shi)一種將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)的裝置(zhi)。大(da)多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)導線繞(rao)組中與磁場(chang)的相互(hu)作用(yong)來產(chan)生扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形(xing)成力。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景(jing)眾多(duo)，在(zai)(zai)消(xiao)費(fei)市場(chang)、工(gong)業(ye)、車(che)載等(deng)都有應用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們(men)首先(xian)通(tong)過(guo)復盤海外高(gao)端(duan)電機(ji)廠商的發展歷(li)程，了解率先(xian)布(bu)局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握一體化技術、掌(zhang)握先(xian)發優勢(shi)是(shi)維持電機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關(guan)鍵。當前電機(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動電機(ji)廠商抓住(zhu)技術更新迭代(dai)的機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)局(ju)伺服(fu)電機(ji)、空心(xin)杯電機(ji)、無(wu)框電機(ji)等，真正實現國產(chan)替代(dai)沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)(ci)相(xiang)互作用(yong)從(cong)(cong)而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)裝置。廣(guang)(guang)義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸收電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)(sheng)產各部(bu)門以及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為驅(qu)動各種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)動力；發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟各部(bu)門和(he)廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民提(ti)供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指(zhi)使用(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)藝、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比(bi)較(jiao)特(te)殊(shu)而(er)區別于(yu)(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然(ran)不(bu)同(tong)，但(dan)一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)機座(zuo)、機架(jia)、定子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心、定子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端(duan)蓋(gai)及(ji)底板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和支撐固(gu)定等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)和風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種(zhong)分(fen)類(lei)方式，按照應(ying)用領域分(fen)為(wei)(wei)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為(wei)(wei)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用(yong)領(ling)域分為(wei)動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出功率較大(da)，注重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)、運(yun)行(xing)及制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性能(neng)，主要(yao)應用于汽(qi)車、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)型機(ji)床等領域(yu)。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出量(liang)的(de)幅頻(pin)特性、相頻(pin)特性及輸出特性的(de)精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定(ding)性、線性度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快(kuai)，主要(yao)在自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運(yun)動方式(shi)(shi)進(jin)一(yi)步分(fen)為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可看(kan)作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得，其定子叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其優勢在于(yu)可以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，而(er)無(wu)需再(zai)借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置。常見(jian)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應(ying)用于(yu)自動控制(zhi)系統(tong)、短(duan)距離需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動能(neng)(neng)的(de)裝置或作為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無(wu)鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方式進一步(bu)分(fen)為步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機是(shi)一種(zhong)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位(wei)移的(de)電(dian)(dian)動機，每輸入一個脈沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機就按照設定(ding)的(de)方(fang)向轉動一個固定(ding)的(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其結(jie)構簡單但(dan)效率和(he)精度(du)較低，多用于辦(ban)公自(zi)動化、通信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較(jiao)于步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了(le)編碼器(qi)與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可以根據(ju)目標值(zhi)與編碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)差異來調整轉子(zi)轉動的(de)(de)角度(du)，從而可實現(xian)更精(jing)密的(de)(de)控制，主要適用(yong)于半(ban)導體(ti)、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精(jing)度(du)、速(su)度(du)響應、過(guo)載能力(li)及穩定性要求高(gao)的(de)(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉子(zi)，呈空心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著(zhu)繞組和(he)磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控制方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能(neng)自動(dong)(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加(jia)大輸(shu)出(chu)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一(yi)定值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可調(diao)速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時仍能(neng)持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損(sun)壞，并提供穩定的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載，具有(you)低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特性線(xian)性度(du)好(hao)等優(you)點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)(wu)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速性(xing)能好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用于在重負(fu)載下啟(qi)動或(huo)需要均勻調節轉速的(de)機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)的有(you)(you)無進一步分(fen)為有(you)(you)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要(yao)不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械(xie)換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極(ji)和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都(dou)不動(dong)。通過換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交(jiao)替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改(gai)(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)(gai)變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時、調速平穩(wen)，并且(qie)啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低(di)速時扭(niu)矩大，因而(er)能(neng)帶(dai)很重的(de)負荷，常(chang)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存(cun)在(zai)(zai)摩擦(ca)，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效(xiao)率較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線(xian)圈不動而(er)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)旋轉(zhuan)。其原理是通過霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)位置，從而(er)適時切換(huan)線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽命長、運(yun)行(xing)時間和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)源類型分為(wei)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)與三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子僅(jin)含(han)一個繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)容器(qi)等以產生旋轉磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多應用(yong)于小型家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)等生活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子繞組(zu)分為(wei)三組(zu)，通入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)電(dian)就可產生旋轉磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和精(jing)度(du)高(gao)，多用(yong)于水泵(beng)、機(ji)床等工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。