泰安電機是(shi)一種將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能轉換(huan)為(wei)機械(xie)能的裝(zhuang)置。大多數(shu)電(dian)(dian)機通過電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)導(dao)線(xian)繞組(zu)中與(yu)磁場的相(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機應用(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消費市場、工(gong)業、車(che)載等都有應用(yong)。

下面我們首先通過復盤海外高端(duan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了解率先布(bu)局(ju)(ju)高壁壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握一體化(hua)技術、掌握先發(fa)(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利潤(run)的(de)關鍵(jian)。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)業(ye)競(jing)爭激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢待發(fa)(fa)，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局(ju)(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在(zai)下一階段競(jing)爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相互作用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)于我國經濟生產各(ge)部(bu)門以(yi)及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主(zhu)要作為驅動各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備的(de)(de)動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關(guan)設備的(de)(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟各(ge)部(bu)門和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)環(huan)境、生產工藝、技術(shu)標(biao)準等(deng)比較特(te)殊而(er)區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同類(lei)型電機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不(bu)同，但一般都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)定(ding)子機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)子鐵心(xin)、定(ding)子繞組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電和支撐固定(ding)等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)組(zu)合；電機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)子支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子繞組(zu)、集(ji)電環、換向器和風(feng)扇(shan)等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括(kuo)軸承、電刷和冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機有多種分(fen)類(lei)方(fang)式(shi)，按照應用領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電機和控制電機；按照電源類(lei)型分(fen)為(wei)直流電機和交流電機。

（1）按照應用領域分(fen)為動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)和控(kong)制電機(ji)(ji)

動力電機(ji)輸出(chu)功率較大(da)，注(zhu)重電機(ji)的(de)驅(qu)動、運行及(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動性能(neng)，主要(yao)應(ying)用于汽(qi)車(che)、家電、小型(xing)機(ji)床等領域(yu)。控制(zhi)(zhi)電機(ji)側重電機(ji)輸出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及(ji)輸出(chu)特(te)性的(de)精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性、線性度(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主要(yao)在自(zi)動控制(zhi)(zhi)系統中承(cheng)擔執行、檢測和解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)方式進一(yi)步分(fen)為(wei)旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)(he)直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫初級(ji)、轉子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)優(you)勢在(zai)于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)直(zhi)線運動(dong)(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再借(jie)助中(zhong)間轉換裝置(zhi)。常見(jian)的(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)U型槽式、平(ping)板式和(he)(he)管式。其(qi)主要(yao)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離(li)需要(yao)巨大(da)直(zhi)線運動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置(zhi)或作為(wei)長期連續(xu)運行的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式(shi)進(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)電機、伺(si)服電機、力矩電機。

步進(jin)電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位移的電(dian)動機，每(mei)輸(shu)入(ru)一個脈(mo)沖(chong)信號，步進(jin)電(dian)機就按(an)照(zhao)設定(ding)的方向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動一個固定(ding)的角度。其結構簡(jian)單但效率(lv)和精度較(jiao)低，多(duo)用于辦公自(zi)動化(hua)、通(tong)信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較(jiao)于步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加(jia)了編碼器與(yu)反(fan)饋機(ji)制，使得(de)驅動(dong)器可以根據目標值與(yu)編碼器的(de)反(fan)饋信號之間的(de)差異來(lai)調整轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度，從(cong)而可實現(xian)更精(jing)(jing)密的(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于半導(dao)體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器人等(deng)對于控制精(jing)(jing)度、速(su)度響應、過載(zai)能力及(ji)穩定(ding)性要(yao)求高的(de)領域。空心(xin)(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊的(de)伺(si)(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)(xin)的(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控制方向的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)載轉矩(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能自動(dong)(dong)降低轉速(su)(su)，同時(shi)加(jia)大(da)輸出轉矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)改(gai)變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓(ya)便可調速(su)(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚至堵轉（轉子(zi)無法轉動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)仍(reng)能持續運轉，不會(hui)造成電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞(huai)，并提供穩定(ding)(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載，具有(you)低轉速(su)(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載能力(li)(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性線性度好等優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)無框(kuang)力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類型(xing)分為直(zhi)流電機和交流電機

直流電機由(you)直流電源驅動(dong)(dong)，交流電機由(you)交流電源驅動(dong)(dong)。直流電機調速性能好、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于(yu)在(zai)重(zhong)負載下啟動(dong)(dong)或需(xu)要均勻(yun)調節轉速的機械(xie)。交流電機效率高、噪(zao)音低(di)，常用于(yu)家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有(you)無進一步(bu)分(fen)為有(you)刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對(dui)于直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)(xiang)器一(yi)起(qi)旋轉，而(er)外部的磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都(dou)不動(dong)(dong)。通過(guo)換向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行時電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改變(bian)(bian)，從(cong)而(er)改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調速(su)平(ping)穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低(di)速(su)時扭矩大(da)，因而(er)能帶很重的負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效率較(jiao)低(di)。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不動而磁極旋轉(zhuan)。其(qi)原理是(shi)通過(guo)霍爾(er)元件感知永磁體磁極的(de)位置，從而適時(shi)切換(huan)線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁力來(lai)驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢(shi)在于故障率低(di)、使用(yong)(yong)壽命長、運行時(shi)間和(he)電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)單(dan)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一(yi)個(ge)繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)(deng)以產生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多(duo)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)活場(chang)景。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)三(san)相交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為三(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效(xiao)率高(gao)、功率大(da)、可(ke)靠性和精度高(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等(deng)(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。