璧山電機是一種將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置。大多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)機(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)流在(zai)導(dao)線繞組中(zhong)與磁場的(de)相互作用(yong)來產(chan)生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)場景眾多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載等都有(you)應用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首先通過復盤(pan)海外高端電機(ji)廠(chang)商的發(fa)(fa)展歷(li)程(cheng)，了解率先布(bu)局(ju)高壁壘/新興領域+掌握(wo)(wo)一(yi)體化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)、掌握(wo)(wo)先發(fa)(fa)優勢(shi)是維(wei)持電機(ji)企業(ye)(ye)高利潤的關鍵。當前(qian)電機(ji)行業(ye)(ye)競爭激(ji)烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發(fa)(fa)，驅動電機(ji)廠(chang)商抓(zhua)住技(ji)術(shu)更新迭代的機(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局(ju)伺服電機(ji)、空(kong)心杯電機(ji)、無框電機(ji)等，真正實現國產替(ti)代沖(chong)出重圍(wei)，在(zai)下(xia)一(yi)階段(duan)競爭中(zhong)搶(qiang)占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)(yong)從而實現(xian)能(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)系(xi)統吸收(shou)電(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統輸出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于我國經濟生產(chan)各部門(men)以及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為(wei)驅動各種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)系(xi)統輸出電(dian)能(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相關設備的(de)技術進(jin)步(bu)，使(shi)人們能(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱(re)能(neng)、水能(neng)、核能(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)等(deng)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各部門(men)和廣(guang)大城鄉居民(min)提供(gong)所需電(dian)能(neng)；特種電(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝、技術標準等(deng)比(bi)較特殊(shu)而區別于普通電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)上(shang)來看，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)(gou)雖然(ran)不同(tong)，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成，即固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要(yao)由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底(di)板(ban)等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組合；電(dian)機的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉子(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組、集電(dian)環、換向器和風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)刷和冷(leng)卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有(you)多種(zhong)分(fen)類方式，按照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用(yong)領域分為動力(li)電機和(he)控制電機

動(dong)力(li)電(dian)機(ji)輸出功(gong)(gong)率(lv)較大，注(zhu)重電(dian)機(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主要應用于(yu)汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)床等(deng)領域(yu)。控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)側(ce)重電(dian)機(ji)輸出量的幅頻特性(xing)(xing)、相(xiang)頻特性(xing)(xing)及輸出特性(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度、靈(ling)敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等(deng)指標，精(jing)度高、響應速(su)度快(kuai)，主要在(zai)自動(dong)控(kong)制系統中承擔執行、檢測和解算(suan)功(gong)(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式進一(yi)步分(fen)(fen)為旋轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而(er)得(de)，其(qi)定子叫初(chu)級、轉子叫次(ci)級，其(qi)優勢在(zai)于可以(yi)直接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為直線運動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需再借助中(zhong)間轉換裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。常見(jian)的直線電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可分(fen)(fen)為U型槽式、平(ping)板(ban)式和管式。其(qi)主要(yao)應用(yong)于自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統(tong)、短距離需要(yao)巨大直線運動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為長期連續(xu)運行(xing)的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以(yi)及無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)步進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力(li)矩電機(ji)。

步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種把電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號轉換(huan)成角位移的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸入(ru)一個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號，步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)定的方向(xiang)轉動(dong)一個(ge)固定的角度(du)(du)。其結構簡單(dan)但效率和精度(du)(du)較(jiao)低，多用于(yu)辦公自動(dong)化(hua)、通信(xin)設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等領域(yu)。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)相較于步進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器(qi)可以根(gen)據目(mu)標值與(yu)編碼器(qi)的反饋信號之(zhi)間的差異(yi)來(lai)調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動的角(jiao)度，從(cong)而可實(shi)現更(geng)精密(mi)的控(kong)制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)要(yao)求高的領(ling)域(yu)。空(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊的伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空(kong)心的杯(bei)狀結(jie)構，內(nei)部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制(zhi)方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)(shi)(shi)能自動(dong)(dong)降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可調速。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)低(di)(di)速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)(shi)(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的損壞，并提供(gong)穩(wen)定(ding)的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具有低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能力(li)強、響應快、特性(xing)(xing)線(xian)性(xing)(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源類(lei)型分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)電機由直(zhi)流(liu)電源驅動，交(jiao)流(liu)電機由交(jiao)流(liu)電源驅動。直(zhi)流(liu)電機調(diao)速性能好、啟動力矩(ju)大，適用(yong)于(yu)在重負(fu)載下(xia)啟動或需(xu)要(yao)均(jun)勻調(diao)節轉(zhuan)速的機械。交(jiao)流(liu)電機效率(lv)高、噪音低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有無進(jin)一步(bu)分為(wei)有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器一起旋(xuan)轉，而外部的磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動。通過(guo)換向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)，從而改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運動方向(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)啟動快速(su)(su)、制動及時(shi)(shi)、調速(su)(su)平穩，并(bing)且啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速(su)(su)時(shi)(shi)扭矩大(da)，因而能帶很重的負荷，常(chang)(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動工(gong)具中(zhong)。但由于(yu)換向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命(ming)短(duan)，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾元(yuan)(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其線圈不動(dong)而磁極(ji)旋轉(zhuan)。其原(yuan)理是通(tong)過霍(huo)爾元(yuan)(yuan)件感(gan)知永磁體磁極(ji)的(de)(de)位置，從而適時切換(huan)線圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向，以產生(sheng)正確方向的(de)(de)磁力來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長(chang)、運(yun)行(xing)時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型(xing)分為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子僅(jin)含(han)一個繞組，需借助啟(qi)動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點是結構簡單、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于小型(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)組，通入互差120°的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率(lv)(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)(lv)大、可靠(kao)性和精(jing)度高(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于水(shui)泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。