德州電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導線繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應用(yong)場景(jing)眾多，在(zai)(zai)消費市場、工業、車(che)載等都有應用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首先通過復盤海外高(gao)端(duan)電機(ji)廠商的(de)發展(zhan)歷程，了(le)解率先布局(ju)(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興領(ling)域+掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)一(yi)體化技術、掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)先發優勢是維持電機(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利(li)潤的(de)關鍵。當前電機(ji)行業(ye)競爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅動電機(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技術更新(xin)迭(die)代(dai)的(de)機(ji)遇(yu)，及時布局(ju)(ju)伺服電機(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)、無框電機(ji)等，真正(zheng)實(shi)現國(guo)產替代(dai)沖(chong)出重圍，在下一(yi)階段競爭中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞(di)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統輸(shu)(shu)出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于我國(guo)(guo)經濟(ji)生產各(ge)(ge)(ge)部(bu)門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)(ge)種機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸(shu)(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相關設備(bei)的(de)技術進步，使(shi)人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)夠利(li)(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)民(min)經濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)(ge)部(bu)門和廣大城鄉居民(min)提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生產工(gong)藝、技術標準等(deng)比較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構上來看(kan)，不同類型(xing)電機結(jie)(jie)構雖然(ran)不同，但一(yi)般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由(you)定子(zi)機座、機架、定子(zi)鐵心(xin)、定子(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電和(he)(he)支撐(cheng)固定等(deng)(deng)結(jie)(jie)構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電機的轉動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉子(zi)支架、轉子(zi)繞組(zu)、集電環、換向器和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承、電刷和(he)(he)冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有(you)多種分類方(fang)式，按照(zhao)(zhao)應用領域分為動力電(dian)(dian)機和控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機；按照(zhao)(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機和交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應(ying)用(yong)領域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出功(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)大，注重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)能(neng)，主要應(ying)用于汽車(che)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出量的(de)幅頻(pin)特(te)性(xing)、相頻(pin)特(te)性(xing)及輸出特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度、靈(ling)敏度、穩定性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度等指標，精度高、響應(ying)速度快，主要在自動控制(zhi)系統中(zhong)承(cheng)擔執(zhi)行、檢測和(he)解(jie)算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式進一步分(fen)為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而(er)得(de)，其(qi)定子叫(jiao)初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可以直(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線運(yun)動的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而(er)無需(xu)再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為U型槽式、平板式和管式。其(qi)主要應用(yong)于自(zi)動控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)動能(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為長期連續運(yun)行的(de)(de)驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用(yong)于磁懸浮列車以及無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力(li)矩電(dian)機(ji)。

步(bu)進電機是一種把電脈(mo)沖信號轉換成(cheng)角位移的(de)(de)電動(dong)機，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖信號，步(bu)進電機就按照設定的(de)(de)方向轉動(dong)一個固(gu)定的(de)(de)角度。其結構(gou)簡單(dan)但(dan)效率和(he)精度較低，多用(yong)于辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通信設備(bei)、印(yin)刷設備(bei)等領域(yu)。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了編碼(ma)器(qi)與反(fan)饋機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)可(ke)以根據目標值與編碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋信號之(zhi)間的(de)差異來調(diao)整轉子轉動(dong)的(de)角度，從而可(ke)實現更精密的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工(gong)業自動(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定(ding)性(xing)要求(qiu)高的(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)無鐵芯(xin)轉子，呈空心的(de)杯(bei)狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組(zu)和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)控制方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大(da)(da)時能(neng)自動降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同時加(jia)大(da)(da)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)一定(ding)值時改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可(ke)調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞(huai)，并(bing)提供穩定(ding)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載(zai)，具有低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大(da)(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特(te)性線性度好等優(you)點(dian)。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類型分為直流(liu)(liu)電機和交流(liu)(liu)電機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調速(su)(su)性能(neng)好、啟動力矩大，適用(yong)于在重(zhong)負(fu)載下(xia)啟動或需(xu)要均(jun)勻調節(jie)轉速(su)(su)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有無(wu)進一(yi)步分為有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為使(shi)轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷改變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而外部的(de)磁(ci)極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通(tong)過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在于啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低(di)速時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因而能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等(deng)日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短(duan)，并且效率較低(di)。

無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)(yi)霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器替代了(le)機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其線(xian)(xian)圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原(yuan)理(li)是通過霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感(gan)知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位置，從而適時切換(huan)(huan)線(xian)(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)(yi)產生正確方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力(li)來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分(fen)為單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定子僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動線圈或運行(xing)電(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構簡單、維(wei)修方便，多應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生(sheng)(sheng)活場景。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定子繞(rao)組分(fen)為三組，通入互差120°的(de)交(jiao)流電(dian)就(jiu)可產生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可靠性和(he)精度高，多用(yong)(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。