豐都電機是一種將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機械能(neng)的裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)機通過(guo)電(dian)流在導線繞組中(zhong)與磁場(chang)(chang)的相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩(ju)，作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)機軸上形成力(li)。電(dian)機應用(yong)場(chang)(chang)景眾多(duo)，在消費市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、工(gong)業(ye)、車載等都(dou)有應用(yong)。

下(xia)(xia)面我們首(shou)先通(tong)過復盤(pan)海外高端電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發展歷程，了解率先布局高壁壘/新(xin)興領域(yu)+掌握一(yi)體化(hua)技(ji)術(shu)、掌握先發優勢(shi)是維持電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭(zheng)激(ji)烈，人(ren)形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄(xu)勢(shi)待發，驅動電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技(ji)術(shu)更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局伺服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產(chan)替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在(zai)下(xia)(xia)一(yi)階段競爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占(zhan)先機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相(xiang)互作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與(yu)傳(chuan)遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國經濟(ji)生產各部(bu)門(men)以及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為(wei)驅動各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)(de)技術進步(bu)，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟(ji)各部(bu)門(men)和(he)廣大城鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使用(yong)環境、生產工藝、技術標準(zhun)等比較特(te)殊而區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同類(lei)型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁(ci)、導電(dian)(dian)和支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向器和風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)(dian)刷和冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有(you)多種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按照應用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用(yong)領域分為動(dong)力電機和控制電機

動力電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的驅動、運行(xing)及(ji)制動性(xing)能(neng)，主要應(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)、小型機(ji)床等(deng)領(ling)域(yu)。控制電(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出量(liang)的幅(fu)頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出特(te)性(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等(deng)指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快(kuai)，主要在(zai)自動控制系(xi)統中(zhong)承擔執行(xing)、檢(jian)測和解(jie)算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進一步(bu)分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平而得，其(qi)定子叫初級(ji)(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫次(ci)級(ji)(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而無需再借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)換裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)控(kong)制系統、短(duan)距離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的(de)裝置或作為(wei)長期連續(xu)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例如用于磁(ci)懸浮列車以(yi)及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控(kong)制方式進一步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機(ji)、伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)。

步進(jin)電機是(shi)一種把電脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角位移的(de)電動(dong)(dong)機，每輸入一個脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，步進(jin)電機就(jiu)按照設定的(de)方向轉動(dong)(dong)一個固定的(de)角度。其結構簡單但效率和(he)精度較低(di)，多用于(yu)辦公自動(dong)(dong)化(hua)、通信(xin)設備、印刷設備等(deng)領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了編碼器(qi)(qi)與反饋機(ji)(ji)制，使得(de)驅動器(qi)(qi)可以根據目標值與編碼器(qi)(qi)的反饋信(xin)號之間的差異(yi)來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的角度(du)，從而可實現更精密的控制，主要(yao)適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)人等對(dui)于(yu)控制精度(du)、速度(du)響(xiang)應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性(xing)要(yao)求高的領域(yu)。空(kong)心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)特殊的伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心的杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制方向的電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開(kai)環控(kong)制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增(zeng)大時能(neng)(neng)自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加(jia)大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定值時改變電機(ji)(ji)(ji)端(duan)電壓便(bian)可調速(su)。在電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會(hui)造(zao)成電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞(huai)，并提供穩定的力(li)矩(ju)給(gei)負載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)、過載能(neng)(neng)力(li)強(qiang)、響應快、特性(xing)(xing)線性(xing)(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)(liu)電源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)調(diao)速(su)性能(neng)好、啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)或(huo)需要均勻調(diao)節(jie)轉(zhuan)速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、噪音低，常用于家用電器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有無(wu)進(jin)一步(bu)分為有刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)需要不(bu)斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換(huan)向(xiang)器一起(qi)旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部(bu)的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都(dou)不動(dong)。通過(guo)換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷改變(bian)，從而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟(qi)動(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)及時、調速(su)平(ping)穩，并且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在(zai)低速(su)時扭矩(ju)大(da)，因而(er)能(neng)帶很重的(de)負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命短，并且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)等(deng)電(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)替代了(le)機械電(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)感知永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)的位置，從而適時(shi)切換(huan)線圈中電(dian)流(liu)的方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機。無刷電(dian)機的優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用壽(shou)命長(chang)、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為(wei)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動線(xian)圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以(yi)產生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)景(jing)。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用三相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組分為(wei)三組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大、可靠(kao)性和精度高，多用于水泵、機床(chuang)等(deng)工業(ye)領(ling)域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。