江津電機是(shi)一種將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為機械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)機通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)導線(xian)繞組中與磁場的相互作(zuo)用來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機應用場景眾多，在(zai)消費市場、工(gong)業(ye)、車(che)載(zai)等都有應用。

下面(mian)我們首先(xian)(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復盤(pan)海(hai)外高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發(fa)(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了解率(lv)先(xian)(xian)(xian)布局(ju)高壁(bi)壘/新(xin)興領域+掌握一體(ti)化技術、掌握先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高利潤(run)的關(guan)鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待(dai)發(fa)(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技術更(geng)新(xin)迭代(dai)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖(chong)出重圍(wei)，在下一階段競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作用從(cong)而實現能(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門以及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主要作為(wei)驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設(she)備的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關(guan)設(she)備的(de)技(ji)術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)夠(gou)利用熱能(neng)、水能(neng)、核能(neng)以及風(feng)能(neng)、太陽能(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)等(deng)(deng)能(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門和(he)(he)廣大城(cheng)鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指(zhi)使(shi)用環境、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技(ji)術標準等(deng)(deng)比較特(te)(te)殊而區別于普(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類(lei)型電(dian)機結(jie)(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由三(san)大部分(fen)(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)(fen)和輔助部分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子繞組、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐固定(ding)(ding)等結(jie)(jie)構(gou)部件(jian)組合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞組、集電(dian)環、換(huan)向器(qi)和風扇等部件(jian)；輔助部分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)刷和冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電機有多種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)應用(yong)領域分(fen)為動力(li)電機和(he)控(kong)制電機；按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)電源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電機和(he)交流電機。

（1）按照應用領(ling)域分為動力電機和控(kong)制(zhi)電機

動力(li)電機輸(shu)出功率較大，注重電機的驅動、運行及制動性(xing)(xing)能，主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)用于汽車、家電、小型機床(chuang)等領域。控制電機側(ce)重電機輸(shu)出量的幅頻(pin)(pin)特性(xing)(xing)、相頻(pin)(pin)特性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)出特性(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度、靈敏(min)度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等指標，精(jing)度高、響應(ying)(ying)速度快，主要(yao)在自(zi)動控制系統中(zhong)承擔(dan)執行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而(er)得(de)，其定子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優(you)勢在(zai)于可以直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而(er)無(wu)需(xu)再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其主要應用于自動(dong)控制系統、短距(ju)離需(xu)要巨大(da)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動(dong)能的(de)裝置或(huo)作(zuo)為長(chang)期連續運行的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于磁懸浮列車(che)以及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進(jin)一步(bu)分為步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)。

步(bu)進電機(ji)是一種把電脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號(hao)(hao)轉換(huan)成角位移的電動機(ji)，每輸入一個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信號(hao)(hao)，步(bu)進電機(ji)就按照設定的方(fang)向轉動一個(ge)固定的角度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于辦(ban)公(gong)自動化、通信設備、印刷設備等領域(yu)。 

伺服電(dian)機(ji)相較(jiao)于(yu)步進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與(yu)反(fan)(fan)饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使得(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)器(qi)可以根(gen)據目標值(zhi)與(yu)編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)反(fan)(fan)饋信(xin)號之間的(de)差異來調整轉子轉動(dong)(dong)的(de)角度，從而可實(shi)現更(geng)精密的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主(zhu)要(yao)適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業(ye)自動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)等對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響應(ying)、過載能力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)領域。空(kong)心杯電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種特殊(shu)的(de)伺服電(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的(de)杯狀結構，內(nei)部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)控(kong)制方向的電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)開環控(kong)制。當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時(shi)(shi)能(neng)自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)壓便(bian)可(ke)調速(su)。在電(dian)動機(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動機(ji)的損壞，并提(ti)供穩定(ding)(ding)的力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力強、響應快(kuai)、特(te)性線性度好(hao)等優點。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能(neng)好、啟動力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在重負載下啟動或需要均(jun)勻調節(jie)轉速的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有(you)無進一步分為(wei)有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與(yu)無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方(fang)向。

有(you)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)(ji)械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部的(de)電(dian)樞和(he)(he)換向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部的(de)磁極和(he)(he)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)(bu)動。通過(guo)換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交(jiao)替接觸(chu)，電(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)就(jiu)會(hui)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)改變(bian)，從而(er)(er)改變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)運動方向(xiang)。其優(you)勢在(zai)(zai)于啟動快(kuai)速、制動及時(shi)、調(diao)速平穩，并且(qie)啟動電(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩(ju)大，因而(er)(er)能帶很(hen)重的(de)負荷，常用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)鉆等(deng)日常電(dian)動工具中。但由(you)于換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存在(zai)(zai)摩擦(ca)，因而(er)(er)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且(qie)效率(lv)較低。

無刷電(dian)機采用(yong)電(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以(yi)霍爾(er)元件(jian)等電(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器替代了(le)機械電(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不(bu)動而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理(li)是通過霍爾(er)元件(jian)感知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的位置，從(cong)而適時(shi)切換(huan)(huan)線圈中電(dian)流的方向(xiang)，以(yi)產生(sheng)正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機。無刷電(dian)機的優勢在于故(gu)障率低(di)、使用(yong)壽命(ming)長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩(wen)定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子僅(jin)含一個繞組(zu)(zu)，需(xu)借助啟動(dong)線圈或運行電(dian)容器(qi)等以(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)于小型家用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)場(chang)景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)(zu)分(fen)為三組(zu)(zu)，通入互差120°的交流電(dian)就可(ke)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)大、可(ke)靠性和(he)精度(du)高(gao)，多用(yong)于水泵(beng)、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。