日照電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大(da)多(duo)(duo)數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與磁(ci)場(chang)的相互作(zuo)(zuo)用來產生扭矩(ju)，作(zuo)(zuo)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應用場(chang)景眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)，在(zai)消費市(shi)場(chang)、工業(ye)、車載(zai)等都有應用。

下(xia)面我(wo)們首先通過復(fu)盤(pan)海外高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發展歷程，了解率先布局(ju)高壁壘(lei)/新興領域+掌握(wo)一體化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先發優(you)勢(shi)是維持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高利潤的關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技術(shu)更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現(xian)國產替(ti)代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段(duan)競爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互(hu)作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產各部(bu)門以(yi)及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)作為驅(qu)動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備的(de)技(ji)術進步，使人們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟(ji)各部(bu)門和廣大城(cheng)鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是指使用(yong)環境(jing)、生(sheng)產工藝(yi)、技(ji)術標準等比較(jiao)特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型電機(ji)結構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一般都(dou)是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組成(cheng)，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分主要由定(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座(zuo)、機(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)導磁(ci)、導電和(he)支撐固定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合(he)；電機(ji)的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉子(zi)(zi)支架、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組、集電環、換向器和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括軸(zhou)承、電刷和(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多(duo)種分(fen)類方式，按(an)照應用領域(yu)分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)輸出功率較大(da)，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行(xing)及制動(dong)性(xing)能，主要應用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)(deng)領域。控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸出量的幅頻特(te)(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)(te)性(xing)及輸出特(te)(te)性(xing)的精度(du)(du)(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)指標，精度(du)(du)(du)高、響應速度(du)(du)(du)快，主要在自動(dong)控(kong)制系統中承(cheng)擔(dan)執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動(dong)方式進一步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可看作由旋(xuan)轉電(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而得，其定子叫初級、轉子叫次級，其優勢在于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借助中間(jian)轉換裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可分為(wei)U型槽(cao)式、平(ping)板式和管式。其主(zhu)要應用(yong)于自動(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨(ju)大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置或(huo)作為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進一步分為步進電機(ji)、伺服(fu)電機(ji)、力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步(bu)(bu)進(jin)電機(ji)是一(yi)種把電脈(mo)沖(chong)信號轉換成角位移的電動(dong)機(ji)，每輸(shu)入一(yi)個脈(mo)沖(chong)信號，步(bu)(bu)進(jin)電機(ji)就按照設定的方向轉動(dong)一(yi)個固(gu)定的角度(du)。其(qi)結構(gou)簡單但效率和精度(du)較(jiao)低，多用(yong)于辦公自動(dong)化、通信設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)相較于(yu)步進(jin)電機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了編碼(ma)器與反饋機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器可以根據目標(biao)值與編碼(ma)器的反饋信號之間的差異來調(diao)整轉子轉動的角度(du)，從而可實(shi)現更(geng)精(jing)密(mi)的控(kong)制(zhi)，主要適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)半導(dao)體(ti)、光伏(fu)、鋰電、工(gong)業(ye)自動化、機(ji)(ji)器人等對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)精(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載(zai)能力及穩定(ding)性要求高的領(ling)域。空心杯(bei)電機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉子，呈空心的杯(bei)狀結構(gou)，內部(bu)環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機是以扭矩(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)方向的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，采用開環控(kong)制(zhi)。當負(fu)載轉矩(ju)增大時能自(zi)動(dong)(dong)降(jiang)低轉速，同時加(jia)大輸出轉矩(ju)，當負(fu)載轉矩(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機低速甚至堵轉（轉子無(wu)法轉動(dong)(dong)）時仍能持(chi)續運轉，不(bu)會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)損(sun)壞，并提供(gong)穩定的(de)(de)力矩(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低轉速、大扭矩(ju)、過載能力強、響(xiang)應(ying)快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等(deng)優點。力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機分為有框力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和無(wu)框力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。

（2）按照(zhao)電源類型分為直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機和交流(liu)(liu)電機

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于在重負(fu)載(zai)下啟(qi)動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低(di)，常(chang)用于家用電(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有無(wu)進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對于(yu)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為使轉子(zi)轉動(dong)需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器一起旋(xuan)轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都(dou)不(bu)動(dong)。通過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷(duan)改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟(qi)動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時、調(diao)速平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)(da)、在(zai)低速時扭(niu)矩大(da)(da)，因而(er)能帶(dai)很重的(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾元件等電(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替(ti)代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其線圈(quan)不動而(er)磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原(yuan)理是通過霍(huo)爾元件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的位置，從而(er)適時(shi)(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線圈(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確(que)方(fang)向(xiang)的磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于(yu)故(gu)障率低、使用壽(shou)命長、運行時(shi)(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與(yu)三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅(jin)含(han)一個繞組，需借助啟動(dong)線圈或(huo)運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生旋(xuan)轉磁場。特點是結構簡單、維修方便，多應用(yong)于小型(xing)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生活場景。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三(san)相交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分(fen)為三(san)組，通入互(hu)差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)大、可靠(kao)性和精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于水(shui)泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工(gong)業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。