石柱電機是一種(zhong)將電(dian)能轉換為機械能的裝置。大多數電(dian)機通(tong)過電(dian)流在導(dao)線繞(rao)組中與(yu)磁場(chang)(chang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)場(chang)(chang)景(jing)眾多，在消費市(shi)場(chang)(chang)、工業(ye)、車載(zai)等都有應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

下(xia)面我們(men)首先通過(guo)復盤海外高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機廠商(shang)的發展歷程，了解率(lv)先布局高壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一(yi)體化技術(shu)、掌(zhang)握(wo)先發優勢(shi)是維(wei)持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機企(qi)業高利潤(run)的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機器(qi)人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機廠商(shang)抓住(zhu)技術(shu)更(geng)新迭(die)代(dai)的機遇(yu)，及時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、空心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍，在下(xia)一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)競爭(zheng)中搶占先機。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)從(cong)(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳(chuan)遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)義(yi)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于我(wo)國經濟生產各部門以(yi)及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主要(yao)作為驅動各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的動力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設(she)備的技術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟各部門和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工藝(yi)、技術標準等(deng)比較特(te)(te)殊而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看(kan)，不(bu)同類型電(dian)機結(jie)構雖然不(bu)同，但一般(ban)都是由(you)三大部(bu)分組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，即(ji)固定部(bu)分、轉動部(bu)分和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)分。固定部(bu)分主要由(you)定子機座、機架、定子鐵心、定子繞組(zu)(zu)、端蓋及底(di)板等(deng)(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)支撐(cheng)固定等(deng)(deng)(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)件(jian)組(zu)(zu)合(he)；電(dian)機的轉動部(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)轉軸(zhou)、轉子鐵心、轉子支架、轉子繞組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器和(he)風(feng)扇等(deng)(deng)(deng)部(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷卻(que)器等(deng)(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分類(lei)方式，按照應用領域(yu)分為動力(li)電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機；按照電(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)分為直(zhi)流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機。

（1）按照應用(yong)領域分(fen)為動(dong)力電機和控制電機

動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注(zhu)重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動、運行(xing)及(ji)制動性能，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)領域(yu)。控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅頻(pin)特(te)性、相頻(pin)特(te)性及(ji)輸(shu)出特(te)性的精度(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等(deng)指標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)自動控制系統中(zhong)承擔執行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解算(suan)功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式進一步分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)可看作由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平而得(de)，其(qi)定子(zi)叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫(jiao)次級，其(qi)優勢(shi)在于可以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)接將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而無需再(zai)借(jie)助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)U型槽式、平板式和(he)管式。其(qi)主要應用于自(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作為(wei)(wei)(wei)長期連(lian)續運(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例(li)如用于磁懸浮列車以(yi)(yi)及無鋼絲(si)繩(sheng)電(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電(dian)機是一(yi)(yi)種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖信(xin)號(hao)轉換成(cheng)角(jiao)(jiao)位移(yi)的電(dian)動機，每輸入一(yi)(yi)個脈(mo)沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進電(dian)機就(jiu)按照設定的方向轉動一(yi)(yi)個固定的角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)。其(qi)結構簡單但(dan)效率和(he)精度(du)較低，多用于辦公(gong)自(zi)動化、通(tong)信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較于步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)與反(fan)饋機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使(shi)得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與編(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)的反(fan)饋信號之間的差異來調整轉子轉動(dong)的角度，從而(er)可實現更精(jing)(jing)密(mi)的控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于半導(dao)體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業(ye)自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等(deng)對于控制(zhi)精(jing)(jing)度、速(su)度響應、過載能力及穩(wen)定性要求高(gao)的領域。空(kong)心(xin)(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心(xin)(xin)的杯狀(zhuang)結(jie)構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環(huan)控制。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時能(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子(zi)無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)損壞(huai)，并(bing)提供穩定的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性線(xian)性度好等(deng)優點。力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框(kuang)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源(yuan)類型分為直(zhi)流電機和交流電機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)動力矩大，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)在重負(fu)載下啟(qi)動或(huo)需(xu)要均勻調(diao)節(jie)轉速的機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音(yin)低，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有無進一步分為有刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)磁(ci)極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改變(bian)，從(cong)而(er)(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時(shi)(shi)、調(diao)速平穩，并(bing)(bing)且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在(zai)低速時(shi)(shi)扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而(er)(er)能帶(dai)很重的(de)(de)負荷(he)，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之(zhi)間(jian)存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽(shou)命短，并(bing)(bing)且效率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機采(cai)用電(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)霍(huo)爾元件等電(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器替(ti)代了機械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是通(tong)過霍(huo)爾元件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)，從而適時切換(huan)(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)機的(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用壽命長、運行(xing)時間和電(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)單相交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個(ge)繞(rao)組，需借助(zhu)啟動線圈(quan)或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產生旋轉磁(ci)場。特點是結構簡單、維修(xiu)方(fang)便，多應用(yong)(yong)于小型(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活場景(jing)。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)三(san)相交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞(rao)組分為三(san)組，通入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉磁(ci)場。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率(lv)高、功(gong)率(lv)大、可靠性(xing)和精度高，多用(yong)(yong)于水(shui)泵、機床等(deng)工業領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。