潼南電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能轉換為機械能的(de)裝置。大(da)多數電(dian)(dian)機通過電(dian)(dian)流在導(dao)線(xian)繞組(zu)中與磁場(chang)的(de)相(xiang)互作用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作用(yong)(yong)在電(dian)(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)(dian)機應用(yong)(yong)場(chang)景眾多，在消費市(shi)場(chang)、工業、車載(zai)等(deng)都有應用(yong)(yong)。

下面我(wo)們首先(xian)(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電機(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局(ju)高(gao)壁壘/新興領(ling)域+掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)一體(ti)化(hua)技(ji)術、掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)先(xian)(xian)發(fa)(fa)優勢(shi)是維持電機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利(li)潤的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。當前電機(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待(dai)發(fa)(fa)，驅動電機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技(ji)術更新迭代(dai)的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局(ju)伺服電機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)、無框(kuang)電機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍，在下一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)(ci)相互作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。廣(guang)(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛應用(yong)于我國(guo)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)生產各(ge)部門(men)以及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，主要作(zuo)為驅動各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)動力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備的(de)(de)技術進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部門(men)和廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉居民提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生產工(gong)藝(yi)、技術標準等(deng)比較特殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來(lai)看，不(bu)同(tong)(tong)類(lei)型電機(ji)結構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，但一般都是(shi)由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成，即(ji)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電和支撐固(gu)(gu)定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組合；電機(ji)的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵心、轉子(zi)支架、轉子(zi)繞(rao)組、集電環、換向器(qi)和風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電刷和冷(leng)卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式(shi)，按照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為動力(li)電機(ji)和(he)控制(zhi)電機(ji)；按照(zhao)電源類型分(fen)為直流電機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應(ying)用領域分為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出功率(lv)較大(da)，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及(ji)制動性能(neng)(neng)，主要應用(yong)于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床等領(ling)域。控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出量的(de)幅頻特(te)(te)性、相頻特(te)(te)性及(ji)輸出特(te)(te)性的(de)精(jing)度(du)、靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速度(du)快(kuai)，主要在(zai)自動控(kong)(kong)制系統中承擔執行、檢測和解算功能(neng)(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進一步分(fen)(fen)為(wei)旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)直線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得(de)，其定子叫初級(ji)(ji)、轉子叫次級(ji)(ji)，其優(you)勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)直線運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械能，而無需再(zai)借助(zhu)中間(jian)轉換裝置(zhi)。常(chang)見的(de)直線電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)管(guan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。其主要應用于(yu)自動(dong)控制系(xi)統、短距離需要巨(ju)大直線運(yun)動(dong)能的(de)裝置(zhi)或作為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例(li)如用于(yu)磁懸浮列(lie)車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成角(jiao)位移(yi)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號，步進電(dian)機(ji)就按照設定的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動(dong)一個固(gu)定的(de)角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于(yu)辦公(gong)自(zi)動(dong)化、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域(yu)。 

伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)相(xiang)較(jiao)于(yu)(yu)步進電機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)機(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根據目(mu)標值與編碼器(qi)的(de)反(fan)饋(kui)(kui)信(xin)號之間(jian)的(de)差異(yi)來調(diao)整(zheng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)角度，從(cong)而(er)可(ke)實(shi)現更精(jing)密的(de)控制，主要適(shi)用于(yu)(yu)半導體(ti)、光伏、鋰電、工業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于(yu)(yu)控制精(jing)度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩(wen)定性要求高的(de)領(ling)域。空(kong)心(xin)杯電機(ji)是一種特(te)殊的(de)伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)，采用無鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控制方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制。當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大時能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可(ke)調速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞(huai)，并提供穩定的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強、響應快、特(te)性(xing)線性(xing)度(du)好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機

直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于在(zai)重負(fu)載下啟(qi)動(dong)或(huo)需要均勻調節轉(zhuan)速(su)的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、噪(zao)音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有無進(jin)一步分為有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需(xu)要(yao)不斷改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器一(yi)起旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)外部的(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)動。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)(bian)，從而(er)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)運動方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優(you)勢(shi)在于啟(qi)動快速、制動及時、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在低(di)速時扭矩大，因(yin)而(er)能帶很重的(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動工具中(zhong)。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之(zhi)間存在摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽(shou)命短(duan)，并且(qie)效率較(jiao)低(di)。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換向，以霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子換向器(qi)替(ti)代了機(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁極(ji)旋轉。其(qi)原理是通(tong)過(guo)霍爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感知永(yong)磁體磁極(ji)的(de)(de)位置，從而適(shi)時切換線圈(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向，以產生正確方向的(de)(de)磁力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)、運行(xing)時間和電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含(han)一個(ge)繞組，需借助啟動線(xian)圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多(duo)應(ying)用(yong)于小(xiao)型(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場(chang)景(jing)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為(wei)三(san)(san)組，通入互差(cha)120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大(da)、可靠性(xing)和精度高，多(duo)用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)床(chuang)等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。