武隆電機是一種將(jiang)電(dian)能轉換為(wei)機械(xie)能的(de)裝置。大多(duo)數(shu)電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在(zai)導線(xian)繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作用來(lai)產生扭矩，作用在(zai)電(dian)機軸(zhou)上形成力(li)。電(dian)機應用場景(jing)眾多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場、工(gong)業、車載等(deng)都(dou)有(you)應用。

下面我們(men)首(shou)先(xian)通過復盤(pan)海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發展歷程，了解率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一(yi)體化技術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)發優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)關(guan)鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激(ji)烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術更新迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實(shi)現國產替代沖出重圍，在下一(yi)階段競(jing)爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互作用從而實現能(neng)量轉換(huan)與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我國經(jing)(jing)濟生(sheng)產各(ge)部門以及(ji)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要(yao)作為驅動(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動(dong)力(li)；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備的(de)(de)技術進步，使(shi)(shi)人們能(neng)夠利(li)(li)用熱(re)能(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)、核能(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)、生(sheng)物(wu)質能(neng)等(deng)能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經(jing)(jing)濟各(ge)部門和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供(gong)所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指(zhi)使(shi)(shi)用環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準等(deng)比(bi)較特(te)殊而區別于普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看(kan)，不(bu)同類型電(dian)(dian)機(ji)結構(gou)雖然(ran)不(bu)同，但(dan)一(yi)般都是由(you)三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)環、換(huan)向器(qi)和(he)風扇等部(bu)件；輔助(zhu)(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷(leng)卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分類方式，按照(zhao)應用(yong)領域分為動力電(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)源類型分為直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用(yong)領域分(fen)為(wei)動(dong)力電機和控制電機

動(dong)力電機輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注重電機的驅(qu)動(dong)、運行(xing)及制動(dong)性能(neng)(neng)，主要(yao)應用(yong)于汽(qi)車(che)、家電、小(xiao)型(xing)機床等領域。控(kong)制電機側重電機輸(shu)出量的幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及輸(shu)出特(te)性的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩(wen)定性、線性度(du)等指標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主要(yao)在自動(dong)控(kong)制系統中承擔執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測和(he)解算功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動方式(shi)(shi)進(jin)一步分為(wei)(wei)(wei)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而得，其定(ding)子叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉子叫次級(ji)，其優勢在于(yu)(yu)可以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運動的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無(wu)需再借助中間轉換(huan)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為(wei)(wei)(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應用(yong)于(yu)(yu)自動控(kong)制系統、短距離需要巨大(da)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運動能(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)或作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)長期連續(xu)運行的(de)(de)驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮列車(che)以及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方(fang)式(shi)進一步分為步進電機(ji)、伺(si)服電機(ji)、力(li)矩電機(ji)。

步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)號轉換成角(jiao)位(wei)移(yi)的(de)電(dian)動機(ji)，每(mei)輸(shu)入一個(ge)脈沖信(xin)號，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)就按照設定的(de)方(fang)向轉動一個(ge)固定的(de)角(jiao)度。其(qi)結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于辦公自(zi)動化、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了編碼(ma)器與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)得驅動(dong)器可以(yi)根(gen)據目標(biao)值與編碼(ma)器的(de)(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)差異來(lai)調整轉子轉動(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從而可實現更精密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業(ye)自動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)器人等對于控制(zhi)(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域(yu)。空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無(wu)鐵芯轉子，呈(cheng)空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內(nei)部環繞著繞組和(he)磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制方向的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開(kai)環控(kong)制。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定值(zhi)時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)(shi)仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)損壞，并(bing)提供穩定的(de)(de)力(li)(li)矩(ju)給(gei)負(fu)載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過載能力(li)(li)強(qiang)、響應快、特性線性度好(hao)等(deng)優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)

直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)，交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩(ju)大，適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)在重(zhong)負載(zai)下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)械(xie)。交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有無進一步分為有刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉(zhuan)，而外部的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)。通(tong)過(guo)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方向(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的運(yun)動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)(bing)且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)而能帶很重的負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并(bing)(bing)且效率較(jiao)低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機采用(yong)電(dian)氣(qi)換向，以(yi)霍(huo)爾元件(jian)等電(dian)子換向器替代了機械(xie)電(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不(bu)動而磁極旋轉。其(qi)原(yuan)理是(shi)通過霍(huo)爾元件(jian)感(gan)知永(yong)磁體(ti)磁極的(de)(de)位置，從而適時切換線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)(de)方向，以(yi)產生(sheng)正確方向的(de)(de)磁力來驅動電(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)機的(de)(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長、運(yun)行時間(jian)和電(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修方便，多應用于(yu)小(xiao)型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活(huo)場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞(rao)組分為三(san)組，通(tong)入互差(cha)120°的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度高(gao)，多用于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等(deng)工(gong)業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。