秀山電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)流在(zai)導(dao)線繞組中與磁(ci)場的(de)相互作用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場景(jing)眾多，在(zai)消(xiao)費市場、工業、車載等都有(you)應用(yong)(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復(fu)盤海(hai)外(wai)高端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)歷程，了解率先(xian)(xian)(xian)布局(ju)高壁壘(lei)/新興領(ling)域+掌握(wo)一(yi)體化技術、掌握(wo)先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高利潤的(de)關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住技術更新迭代(dai)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇(yu)，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現(xian)國產(chan)替代(dai)沖(chong)出重圍(wei)，在下(xia)一(yi)階(jie)段(duan)競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)從而實(shi)現(xian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)特(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我(wo)國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產各(ge)部門(men)以(yi)及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為(wei)驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)(de)技術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟(ji)各(ge)部門(men)和(he)(he)廣大城鄉居民(min)提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準(zhun)等比較特(te)(te)殊(shu)而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看，不同類型電機(ji)(ji)結(jie)構雖然(ran)不同，但(dan)一般都是由三大部分組成，即固定(ding)(ding)部分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部分和(he)輔助部分。固定(ding)(ding)部分主要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機(ji)(ji)座(zuo)、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組、端蓋及底板(ban)等(deng)導磁、導電和(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構部件組合；電機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)部分包(bao)括(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組、集電環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇等(deng)部件；輔助部分包(bao)括(kuo)軸承、電刷和(he)冷卻(que)器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種分類方式(shi)，按(an)照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分(fen)為動力(li)電機和(he)控(kong)制電機

動力(li)電(dian)機輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機的(de)驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應用(yong)于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機床等(deng)領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)機側重(zhong)電(dian)機輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)量的(de)幅頻(pin)特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻(pin)特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)等(deng)指標，精(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)高、響應速度(du)(du)快(kuai)，主(zhu)要(yao)在自動控制(zhi)系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢測和(he)解算(suan)功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式(shi)進(jin)一步(bu)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平(ping)而得(de)，其(qi)定子叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次(ci)級(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需(xu)再(zai)借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主要應用于自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統、短(duan)距離需(xu)要巨(ju)大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動能(neng)的(de)裝置或(huo)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)長期連續(xu)運(yun)行的(de)驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)，例(li)如(ru)用于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以(yi)及無鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)驅(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方式進一步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力矩電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機是(shi)一種(zhong)把(ba)電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成角位移(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號，步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機就按照(zhao)設(she)(she)定(ding)的(de)方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一個(ge)固定(ding)的(de)角度。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動(dong)化、通信(xin)設(she)(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)(she)備(bei)等領(ling)域。 

伺服電(dian)機相較(jiao)于步進電(dian)機增加(jia)了編(bian)碼器(qi)與反(fan)饋(kui)機制(zhi)，使得(de)驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信(xin)號之間的(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整轉子(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)角度，從而(er)可實現更精(jing)(jing)密的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)、工業(ye)自動(dong)化、機器(qi)人等(deng)對于控(kong)制(zhi)精(jing)(jing)度、速度響應、過載能力(li)及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯電(dian)機是(shi)一(yi)種特殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)機，采用無鐵芯(xin)轉子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞著繞組(zu)和磁(ci)鐵。

力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制(zhi)方向的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)開環(huan)控制(zhi)。當負載轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能自動降低(di)(di)轉速(su)(su)，同時(shi)加大輸(shu)出轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定值時(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)(su)甚(shen)至(zhi)堵(du)轉（轉子無法轉動）時(shi)仍能持(chi)續運(yun)轉，不會造成電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損壞(huai)，并提供穩定的力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)給(gei)負載，具有(you)低(di)(di)轉速(su)(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力強、響應快、特性(xing)(xing)線性(xing)(xing)度好(hao)等優點。力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力矩(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)機和交流電(dian)(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩(ju)大(da)，適用于(yu)在重負載下(xia)啟動(dong)(dong)或需要(yao)均勻調節轉速的(de)機(ji)械。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音(yin)低，常(chang)用于(yu)家用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)有無(wu)(wu)進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為使轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向，內(nei)部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)向。其優勢在(zai)于(yu)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)(dong)及(ji)時、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速時扭(niu)矩(ju)大，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)工具中(zhong)。但(dan)由于(yu)換(huan)向器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存(cun)在(zai)摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命(ming)短(duan)，并且(qie)效率(lv)較低(di)。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍(huo)爾(er)元件(jian)等電(dian)子換(huan)向器替代了(le)機(ji)械電(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)不動(dong)而(er)磁(ci)(ci)極旋(xuan)轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件(jian)感(gan)知(zhi)永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極的位置，從(cong)而(er)適時切(qie)換(huan)線(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)流的方向，以產生正(zheng)確方向的磁(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故障率低、使用(yong)壽命長(chang)、運行時間和電(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)單相電(dian)(dian)機與三相電(dian)(dian)機。單相電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)單相交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一個繞組，需(xu)借助啟(qi)動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產生(sheng)旋轉磁場。特點是結構簡單、維修(xiu)方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活場景。三相電(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)三相交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞組分為(wei)三組，通(tong)入互差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生(sheng)旋轉磁場。三相電(dian)(dian)機效率高、功(gong)率大、可靠性(xing)和精(jing)度高，多用(yong)(yong)于水(shui)泵、機床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。