酉陽電機是一(yi)種將電能轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能的裝置(zhi)。大多數電機(ji)(ji)通過電流在導線繞組(zu)中與磁(ci)場的相互作用來產(chan)生(sheng)扭(niu)矩(ju)，作用在電機(ji)(ji)軸上形成(cheng)力。電機(ji)(ji)應用場景眾多，在消費市場、工業、車(che)載等都有(you)應用。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的發(fa)展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，了解(jie)率先(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘/新(xin)興(xing)領域+掌握(wo)一體化技術、掌握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓住(zhu)技術更(geng)新(xin)迭(die)代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國(guo)產替代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段競爭中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互作用(yong)(yong)從而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門(men)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)的(de)(de)動力；發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和相關設備(bei)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術進步，使人們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)部門(men)和廣大城鄉居(ju)民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產(chan)工(gong)藝、技(ji)(ji)術標(biao)準等(deng)比較特(te)殊而(er)區別于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結構上(shang)來看，不(bu)同類型電機結構雖(sui)然不(bu)同，但一般都是由三大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即(ji)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、端(duan)蓋及(ji)底板等導磁、導電和支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)等結構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組(zu)(zu)合；電機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)(zu)、集電環、換向器(qi)和風(feng)扇等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)括軸承、電刷和冷卻(que)器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方(fang)式，按照(zhao)(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)機和(he)控制電(dian)機；按照(zhao)(zhao)電(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電(dian)機和(he)交流電(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領(ling)域分為動力電機和控制(zhi)電機

動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行及制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主要應用于(yu)汽車(che)、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床等領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)量的幅(fu)頻(pin)特性(xing)(xing)、相頻(pin)特性(xing)(xing)及輸出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等指標，精(jing)度高、響應速度快，主要在自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運動方式(shi)(shi)進一步分為旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)看(kan)作(zuo)(zuo)由旋轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機展(zhan)平(ping)而得，其(qi)定子叫初級、轉子叫次級，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換為直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動的(de)機械能(neng)(neng)，而無需再借助中間轉換裝(zhuang)置。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)分為U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要應用于自動控制(zhi)系統(tong)、短距離需要巨大(da)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運動能(neng)(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)(zuo)為長期連續運行的(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，例如用于磁懸浮列車(che)以及(ji)無鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步分(fen)為步進電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電機是一種把電脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角位移的(de)電動(dong)機，每輸(shu)入(ru)一個(ge)(ge)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，步進電機就按照設定的(de)方(fang)向轉動(dong)一個(ge)(ge)固(gu)定的(de)角度。其結構簡單但效率和(he)精度較低(di)，多(duo)用(yong)于辦公自動(dong)化、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機相較于(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)機增加了編碼(ma)器與(yu)反饋機制(zhi)，使得(de)驅動(dong)器可(ke)以根據目標值與(yu)編碼(ma)器的(de)反饋信號(hao)之間(jian)的(de)差(cha)異來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度(du)，從而可(ke)實現更(geng)精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)于(yu)半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工(gong)業自動(dong)化、機器人等對(dui)于(yu)控制(zhi)精度(du)、速(su)度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性要(yao)求高(gao)的(de)領域。空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機是(shi)一種特殊(shu)的(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內(nei)部環繞(rao)著(zhu)繞(rao)組和(he)磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)為控制(zhi)方(fang)向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環(huan)控制(zhi)。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時能(neng)自動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)(ding)值時改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并(bing)提供穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的力矩(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)、過載能(neng)力強、響應快、特性線性度好等(deng)優(you)點。力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源類(lei)型分為直(zhi)流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直流電機(ji)由(you)(you)直流電源驅(qu)動，交(jiao)(jiao)流電機(ji)由(you)(you)交(jiao)(jiao)流電源驅(qu)動。直流電機(ji)調速性能好、啟(qi)動力(li)矩(ju)大，適(shi)用于在(zai)重負載下啟(qi)動或(huo)需要(yao)均勻(yun)調節轉速的機(ji)械。交(jiao)(jiao)流電機(ji)效率(lv)高、噪(zao)音(yin)低(di)，常用于家(jia)用電器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的有無進一步分(fen)為有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。對于直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，為使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不(bu)斷改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而外部的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動。通過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的交(jiao)替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不(bu)斷改變(bian)(bian)，從(cong)而改變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)機的運動方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在于(yu)啟(qi)動快速(su)、制動及時(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并且啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)流大、在低(di)速(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因而能帶很重的負荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存(cun)在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命短(duan)，并且效(xiao)率較低(di)。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不動而磁(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾元件感(gan)知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而適(shi)時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在于故障率低(di)、使(shi)用壽命長(chang)、運行時(shi)間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含一個繞組，需借助(zhu)啟(qi)動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等以產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多(duo)應用于小(xiao)型(xing)家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等生活場景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞組分為三(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠性和精度高，多(duo)用于水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。