云陽電機是(shi)一種將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為機械能的(de)裝(zhuang)置。大多數電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在導線繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作用(yong)(yong)來產生扭矩，作用(yong)(yong)在電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場景眾多，在消費(fei)市場、工業、車載等都有應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

下(xia)面(mian)我們首先(xian)通過復盤海(hai)外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷程，了解(jie)率先(xian)布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化技術(shu)(shu)、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關鍵(jian)。當(dang)前(qian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激(ji)烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢(shi)待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住(zhu)技術(shu)(shu)更新迭(die)代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重圍(wei)，在下(xia)一階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相(xiang)互作用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)我國(guo)經濟(ji)生產(chan)各(ge)(ge)部門(men)以及家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術(shu)進(jin)步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)民經濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)部門(men)和(he)廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用(yong)環境(jing)、生產(chan)工藝、技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)等(deng)比較特殊而區(qu)別(bie)于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類型電(dian)(dian)機結(jie)構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但一(yi)般都是由三(san)大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋及底板(ban)等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、集電(dian)(dian)環、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機有多種(zhong)分類方式，按照(zhao)(zhao)應用領域分為動力電機和控制電機；按照(zhao)(zhao)電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機。

（1）按照應(ying)用領域分為動力電(dian)機和控(kong)制電(dian)機

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)、運(yun)行及制(zhi)(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)能，主要應(ying)用于(yu)汽車(che)、家電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)型機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)領域。控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)的(de)精(jing)度(du)、靈(ling)敏(min)度(du)、穩定(ding)性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)等(deng)指標(biao)，精(jing)度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主要在自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)(zhi)系統中承擔(dan)執行、檢測和(he)解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式進(jin)一步分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由(you)旋轉電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平而(er)得，其定(ding)子(zi)叫初級(ji)、轉子(zi)叫次級(ji)，其優(you)勢在于(yu)(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，而(er)無(wu)需(xu)再借助中間轉換裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平板(ban)式和(he)管式。其主要(yao)(yao)應用于(yu)(yu)自動控制系統、短(duan)距離(li)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)(de)驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮列車以及(ji)無(wu)鋼絲(si)繩電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)驅(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進一步分(fen)為(wei)步進電(dian)(dian)機、伺服電(dian)(dian)機、力矩電(dian)(dian)機。

步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)把(ba)電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)轉(zhuan)換成角位移的電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，每輸(shu)入一(yi)個脈(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)，步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)就按照(zhao)設定的方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)一(yi)個固定的角度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于辦(ban)公自動(dong)(dong)化、通(tong)信設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機相較于(yu)步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機增加了編碼器與反饋(kui)(kui)機制，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器可(ke)以根據(ju)目標值(zhi)與編碼器的(de)反饋(kui)(kui)信(xin)號之間的(de)差異來(lai)調整(zheng)轉子轉動(dong)的(de)角度，從而可(ke)實現(xian)更(geng)精密的(de)控(kong)(kong)制，主要(yao)適用于(yu)半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機器人等對于(yu)控(kong)(kong)制精度、速度響應、過載能力及穩(wen)定(ding)性要(yao)求高的(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機是一種(zhong)特(te)殊的(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空心的(de)杯狀結構(gou)，內(nei)部環繞(rao)(rao)著繞(rao)(rao)組和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制方向的(de)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環(huan)控制。當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)(shi)能自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)(shi)改變電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)端電壓便可調速。在電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)(shi)仍(reng)能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞(huai)，并提供穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載，具(ju)有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強、響應快、特(te)性(xing)線性(xing)度好(hao)等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和(he)交流電機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅(qu)動，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟動力矩大，適(shi)用于(yu)在重負載下啟動或需(xu)要均勻調節轉速(su)的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低(di)，常用于(yu)家用電(dian)器(qi)中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有無進一(yi)步分為(wei)有刷電機與無刷電機。對于直流(liu)電機，為(wei)使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改變電流(liu)方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉，而外(wai)部的(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都(dou)不(bu)動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變，從而改(gai)變電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟(qi)動(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大，因而能帶很重的(de)(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)動(dong)工具中。但(dan)由(you)于換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存(cun)在(zai)摩擦，因而電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并(bing)(bing)且效率(lv)較低。

無刷電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換向，以霍爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)子(zi)換向器(qi)替代了(le)機械電(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是(shi)通過霍爾元(yuan)件感知永(yong)磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極的(de)位(wei)置，從而適時(shi)切換線(xian)圈(quan)中電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向，以產(chan)生(sheng)正確(que)方向的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)機。無刷電(dian)機的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)(wei)單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅(jin)含一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈(quan)或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以(yi)產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構(gou)簡單、維(wei)修方(fang)便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活場景(jing)。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用(yong)(yong)三相(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為(wei)(wei)三組，通入互差120°的(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度高(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等(deng)工業領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。