白山電機是一種將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)機械能(neng)的(de)裝置。大多數電機通過電流在(zai)導(dao)線繞組中(zhong)與磁場的(de)相(xiang)互作用來產(chan)生(sheng)扭矩，作用在(zai)電機軸上形成力。電機應(ying)用場景眾多，在(zai)消費市場、工業(ye)、車載等(deng)都有應(ying)用。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)通過復(fu)盤(pan)海外(wai)高端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷(li)程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)布局高壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)一(yi)體化技術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高利潤(run)的關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真正實現國產(chan)替代沖(chong)出重(zhong)圍，在下(xia)一(yi)階段競爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相互作用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)我國經濟生產各部門以及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，主(zhu)要作為驅動(dong)(dong)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術進(jin)步，使人們(men)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質能(neng)(neng)等(deng)(deng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟各部門和廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供(gong)所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工藝、技(ji)(ji)術標準等(deng)(deng)比(bi)較特(te)殊而區別于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構(gou)上來(lai)看，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一(yi)般都(dou)是由三(san)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定子(zi)機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架、定子(zi)鐵心、定子(zi)繞組、端蓋及(ji)底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和支撐(cheng)固(gu)(gu)定等結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風扇等部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承、電(dian)刷和冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有多種分(fen)(fen)類方式(shi)，按照(zhao)應用(yong)領域分(fen)(fen)為動力電機(ji)和(he)控制電機(ji)；按照(zhao)電源類型分(fen)(fen)為直流電機(ji)和(he)交流電機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分為(wei)動力電機和控制電機

動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注(zhu)重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的驅動、運(yun)行及制(zhi)動性能，主(zhu)要應(ying)(ying)用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)、小型機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)(deng)領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅頻特(te)性、相頻特(te)性及輸(shu)出特(te)性的精度、靈敏度、穩(wen)定性、線(xian)性度等(deng)(deng)指標，精度高、響應(ying)(ying)速(su)度快，主(zhu)要在自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統中(zhong)承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)一步分(fen)為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電機(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電機(ji)(ji)可看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電機(ji)(ji)展(zhan)平而得(de)，其定子叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其優勢(shi)在于可以直(zhi)接(jie)將電能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動的機(ji)(ji)械能，而無需(xu)再(zai)借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)換裝置。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)電機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)(shi)。其主要應用于自動控制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨(ju)大直(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動能的裝置或作(zuo)為(wei)長(chang)期連(lian)續運(yun)行的驅(qu)動電機(ji)(ji)，例(li)如用于磁懸浮(fu)列車以及無鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)電梯的驅(qu)動。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方(fang)式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服(fu)電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)把電(dian)(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)轉換(huan)成角位移的電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)，步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)就按照設(she)(she)定的方向轉動一個固(gu)定的角度。其結構(gou)簡單但效率和精度較低，多用于辦公自動化、通(tong)信(xin)(xin)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)、印(yin)刷設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相較于步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與反饋(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使(shi)得(de)驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根(gen)據目標值與編碼器(qi)的(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)差異(yi)來(lai)調整(zheng)轉子轉動的(de)角度，從而可(ke)實(shi)現(xian)更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度、速度響應、過(guo)載(zai)能(neng)力(li)及穩定(ding)性要(yao)求高的(de)領域(yu)。空(kong)心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種特殊的(de)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構，內部(bu)環繞(rao)(rao)著繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環(huan)控(kong)制。當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大(da)時能(neng)自動降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大(da)輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為(wei)一(yi)定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損壞，并(bing)提供穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)強、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特性線性度好(hao)等(deng)優點。力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為(wei)有框力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電源驅(qu)動(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)(liu)電源驅(qu)動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)調速性能(neng)好、啟動(dong)力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調節轉速的機(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷的有(you)無進一步分為(wei)有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機與無刷電(dian)(dian)機。對于直流電(dian)(dian)機，為(wei)使(shi)轉子轉動需要(yao)不斷改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)流方向。

有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機采用機械(xie)換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外(wai)部(bu)的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷都不動(dong)(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷的交(jiao)替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)(yin)而(er)能帶很重的負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等(deng)日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在(zai)摩擦，因(yin)(yin)而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換向(xiang)，以霍爾元件等電(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其線圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是(shi)通過霍爾元件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位(wei)置，從而適時切換線圈中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行(xing)時間和電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩(wen)定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)分為單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含(han)一個繞組，需(xu)借助啟動(dong)線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)。特點是結構簡單、維修方便，多(duo)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生活場(chang)(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為三(san)組，通入互差120°的交流電(dian)(dian)就可(ke)(ke)產(chan)生旋轉磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、功率大、可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)和精(jing)度高(gao)，多(duo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等(deng)(deng)工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。