磐石電機是一種將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)導線繞組中與磁場(chang)的(de)相互作用(yong)來(lai)產(chan)生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)消費市場(chang)、工業、車(che)載等(deng)都有(you)應用(yong)。

下面我(wo)們(men)首先(xian)(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復盤海外高端(duan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的(de)發展(zhan)歷程，了解率先(xian)(xian)(xian)布局(ju)高壁壘/新興領(ling)域(yu)+掌握一(yi)體化(hua)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、掌握先(xian)(xian)(xian)發優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高利(li)潤(run)的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競爭激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技(ji)(ji)術(shu)更新迭(die)代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實(shi)現國(guo)產替代沖(chong)出重圍，在下一(yi)階(jie)段競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝(zhuang)置。廣義的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)械系統輸(shu)出機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于(yu)我國經(jing)(jing)濟生產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門以(yi)及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅動各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)械設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)從(cong)機(ji)械系統吸收機(ji)械能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和相(xiang)關設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經(jing)(jing)濟各(ge)部(bu)門和廣大城(cheng)鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)指使用(yong)環境(jing)、生產(chan)工(gong)藝(yi)、技(ji)術(shu)標準等比較(jiao)特殊而區(qu)別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看(kan)，不(bu)同類型電機結(jie)構雖然(ran)不(bu)同，但一般(ban)都是(shi)由三大部(bu)(bu)分組成，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分和(he)(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)分。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分主要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)子機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)(ding)子繞組、端蓋(gai)及(ji)底板等導磁、導電和(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)等結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電機的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分包括(kuo)轉軸(zhou)、轉子鐵(tie)(tie)心、轉子支(zhi)架、轉子繞組、集電環、換向器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)(bu)分包括(kuo)軸(zhou)承、電刷和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)類方(fang)式，按照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)和控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)；按照電(dian)源類型分(fen)為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分(fen)為動力電機和控制電機

動力電機輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)率較大，注重電機的(de)(de)驅動、運行及制動性(xing)能，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于(yu)汽車、家電、小型機床等領域(yu)。控(kong)制電機側(ce)重電機輸(shu)出量的(de)(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及輸(shu)出特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)精度、靈敏(min)度、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度等指標，精度高、響(xiang)應速度快，主(zhu)要(yao)在自動控(kong)制系統中承(cheng)擔執(zhi)行、檢(jian)測(ce)和解算功(gong)(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方式(shi)進一步(bu)分(fen)為旋轉電機和直(zhi)線電機。直(zhi)線電機可看作由旋轉電機展平而(er)得(de)，其(qi)定(ding)子叫初級、轉子叫次級，其(qi)優勢在于可以(yi)直(zhi)接將電能轉換為直(zhi)線運動(dong)的機械能，而(er)無(wu)需再借助中間轉換裝(zhuang)置。常見的直(zhi)線電機可分(fen)為U型槽式(shi)、平板(ban)式(shi)和管式(shi)。其(qi)主要應用于自動(dong)控(kong)制系統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)線運動(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置或作為長期連續運行的驅(qu)動(dong)電機，例如用于磁懸(xuan)浮列車以(yi)及(ji)無(wu)鋼絲(si)繩電梯的驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式(shi)進一步分為步進電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

步(bu)進(jin)電機是一種把(ba)電脈沖信號轉換成角位(wei)移的電動(dong)(dong)機，每輸入一個脈沖信號，步(bu)進(jin)電機就按照設定的方向轉動(dong)(dong)一個固定的角度。其結(jie)構(gou)簡單但效率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通信設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領(ling)域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器與(yu)反(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制，使(shi)得驅動(dong)器可(ke)以根據目標(biao)值與(yu)編(bian)碼器的(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)差(cha)異來(lai)調整轉子轉動(dong)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)，從而可(ke)實現更(geng)精密(mi)的(de)(de)控制，主要適用于半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)等對于控制精度(du)、速度(du)響(xiang)應、過載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)(de)領(ling)域。空(kong)心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用無(wu)鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方(fang)向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能(neng)自動降低轉(zhuan)速，同(tong)時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一(yi)定值時(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低速甚至(zhi)堵(du)轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載，具有低轉(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載能(neng)力(li)(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型(xing)分為直流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速(su)性能(neng)好(hao)、啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用于在重負載下啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)或需(xu)要均勻(yun)調(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)刷的(de)有(you)無進一步分(fen)為(wei)有(you)刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于(yu)直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使轉子轉動需要(yao)不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而(er)(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調速平穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低速時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)(er)能(neng)帶很(hen)重的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但(dan)由于換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存(cun)在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗(hao)、壽命短，并且效率較(jiao)低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其(qi)線(xian)圈不動而(er)磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾元件(jian)感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的位置(zhi)，從而(er)適時切換(huan)線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方(fang)向(xiang)，以產(chan)生(sheng)正(zheng)確方(fang)向(xiang)的磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽命長(chang)、運行時間和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅(jin)含一個(ge)繞組(zu)，需借(jie)助啟動線圈(quan)或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以(yi)產(chan)生旋轉磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生活場(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的(de)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生旋轉磁場(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性和(he)精度(du)高，多用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機(ji)床(chuang)等工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。