樺甸電機是一種將電能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置。大多(duo)數(shu)電機(ji)通過(guo)電流在(zai)導(dao)線繞組中與磁(ci)場的(de)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)應用(yong)場景眾多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場、工(gong)業、車載等(deng)都有(you)應用(yong)。

下面我們(men)首先通(tong)過(guo)復盤海外高(gao)端電機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的發(fa)展歷程，了解率先布局高(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興(xing)領(ling)域+掌(zhang)握一體化技(ji)術、掌(zhang)握先發(fa)優(you)勢是維持電機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)利(li)潤的關鍵。當前電機(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技(ji)術更新迭代(dai)的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電機(ji)(ji)、空(kong)心杯(bei)電機(ji)(ji)、無框電機(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實(shi)現(xian)國產替代(dai)沖出重圍(wei)，在下一階段(duan)競爭中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國經濟生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部門以(yi)及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)，主要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備的(de)(de)技術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟各(ge)部門和廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技術標準等比較(jiao)特(te)殊(shu)而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來(lai)看，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)結構(gou)雖然不同，但一(yi)般都是由(you)三(san)大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板(ban)等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組、集(ji)電(dian)環、換向器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分類(lei)方式(shi)，按(an)照應(ying)用領(ling)域分為動力電(dian)機和(he)控制電(dian)機；按(an)照電(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流電(dian)機和(he)交流電(dian)機。

（1）按照應(ying)用領域分為(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動力電機輸(shu)出功率較大，注重電機的(de)驅動、運行及制動性(xing)能，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于(yu)汽車、家電、小型(xing)機床(chuang)等領域。控制電機側重電機輸(shu)出量的(de)幅頻(pin)特(te)性(xing)、相頻(pin)特(te)性(xing)及輸(shu)出特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在自動控制系統中(zhong)承(cheng)擔執(zhi)行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)一步(bu)分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)看(kan)作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫(jiao)初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動的機(ji)(ji)械能，而無需再借助(zhu)中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常(chang)見(jian)的直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)U型槽(cao)式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其(qi)主要應用于自動控制(zhi)系統、短距離需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動能的裝(zhuang)置或(huo)作為(wei)長期(qi)連續運(yun)行的驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如(ru)用于磁懸浮列(lie)車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)梯的驅動。

2）控制電機

按照(zhao)控制方式進一步(bu)分(fen)為步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

步(bu)進(jin)電機是一種把電脈沖信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成角位移(yi)的電動(dong)機，每輸入一個(ge)脈沖信(xin)號，步(bu)進(jin)電機就按照設(she)(she)定(ding)的方(fang)向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一個(ge)固定(ding)的角度(du)。其(qi)結構簡(jian)單但(dan)效(xiao)率(lv)和精(jing)度(du)較低，多用(yong)于辦公自動(dong)化(hua)、通信(xin)設(she)(she)備(bei)、印(yin)刷(shua)設(she)(she)備(bei)等領域。 

伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較(jiao)于(yu)步進電機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了(le)編碼(ma)器(qi)與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值(zhi)與編碼(ma)器(qi)的反饋(kui)信號(hao)之間的差異來調(diao)整轉子轉動(dong)的角度，從而(er)可實(shi)現更精密的控(kong)制(zhi)，主要適用于(yu)半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰(li)電、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于(yu)控(kong)制(zhi)精度、速度響應(ying)、過載能力及穩定性要求(qiu)高的領域。空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種特殊(shu)的伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空心的杯狀(zhuang)結構，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組(zu)和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環(huan)控(kong)制(zhi)。當(dang)負載轉矩(ju)增大(da)(da)時能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)降低轉速，同時加(jia)大(da)(da)輸出轉矩(ju)，當(dang)負載轉矩(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)低速甚至堵轉（轉子無(wu)法轉動(dong)）時仍能(neng)(neng)持續運轉，不會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)矩(ju)給負載，具有低轉速、大(da)(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過載能(neng)(neng)力(li)強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性(xing)能好(hao)、啟動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適(shi)用于在(zai)重負載下啟動(dong)(dong)或需要均(jun)勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有無進(jin)一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機與無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機。對于直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機，為使轉子轉動需(xu)要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)方向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向，內部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交(jiao)替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的方(fang)向就會不(bu)斷改(gai)變(bian)，從(cong)而(er)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)向。其優勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)快速(su)(su)、制動(dong)(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調速(su)(su)平穩(wen)，并(bing)且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低(di)速(su)(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很重的負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但(dan)由于換(huan)向器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之(zhi)間存(cun)在(zai)摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并(bing)且(qie)效率(lv)較低(di)。

無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝置，其線圈(quan)不(bu)動而磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原(yuan)理是通過(guo)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感(gan)知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)的位置，從而適時(shi)切換線圈(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)，以產生(sheng)正確方向(xiang)的磁(ci)(ci)力來驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽命長(chang)、運(yun)行時(shi)間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用單(dan)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅含一(yi)個繞組，需(xu)借(jie)助啟動(dong)線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以產(chan)生旋轉磁場(chang)(chang)。特點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修(xiu)方便，多應用于(yu)小(xiao)型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生活場(chang)(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用三(san)相(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)組，通(tong)入互差120°的交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋轉磁場(chang)(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多用于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。