舒蘭電機是一(yi)種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導線繞(rao)組中與(yu)磁場的(de)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)來產(chan)生扭矩，作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)軸上(shang)形成力。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景(jing)眾多，在(zai)(zai)消費市(shi)場、工業、車(che)載等都有應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我們首先通過復盤海外(wai)高(gao)(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)的發展(zhan)歷(li)程(cheng)，了解率先布局高(gao)(gao)壁壘/新興領域(yu)+掌握一體化技術、掌握先發優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭激烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢待發，驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)商(shang)抓住技術更新迭代(dai)的機(ji)遇(yu)，及時(shi)布局伺服電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)等(deng)，真正(zheng)實現(xian)國產替代(dai)沖出重(zhong)圍(wei)，在下一階段(duan)競(jing)爭中搶占(zhan)先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換(huan)與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)(yong)于我國經(jing)濟(ji)生(sheng)產各(ge)(ge)(ge)部門(men)以(yi)及(ji)家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)為驅(qu)動各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備的動力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備的技術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)(ge)(ge)部門(men)和廣(guang)大城(cheng)鄉居民(min)提供(gong)所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準(zhun)等比(bi)較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構(gou)上來(lai)看，不同類型電(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都(dou)是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成，即(ji)固定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)定子(zi)機(ji)座(zuo)、機(ji)架、定子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定子(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)(he)支撐固定等結(jie)構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)(rao)組、集電(dian)環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)(he)風扇(shan)等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸(zhou)(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有(you)多(duo)種(zhong)分類方(fang)式，按照應用領(ling)域(yu)分為動力(li)電機(ji)和(he)控制電機(ji)；按照電源類型分為直流電機(ji)和(he)交流電機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為(wei)動(dong)力電機和控(kong)制電機

動力電(dian)(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機的驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)能(neng)，主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型機床等領域(yu)。控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機側重電(dian)(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)量的幅頻特性(xing)、相頻特性(xing)及輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)特性(xing)的精度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)、線(xian)性(xing)度(du)等指標(biao)，精度(du)高(gao)、響應(ying)(ying)速度(du)快(kuai)，主要(yao)在自動控制(zhi)系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢測和(he)解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進(jin)一步分為旋轉(zhuan)電機(ji)和直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)。直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可看作由旋轉(zhuan)電機(ji)展平(ping)而得，其(qi)定子叫(jiao)(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)(jiao)次級，其(qi)優勢在于可以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再(zai)借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)可分為U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主(zhu)要應用于自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)、短距(ju)離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的裝置(zhi)或作為長期連續運(yun)行的驅動(dong)電機(ji)，例如(ru)用于磁懸浮(fu)列車以(yi)及無鋼(gang)絲繩電梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式進一步分為步進電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種把電(dian)脈沖信號(hao)轉換成(cheng)角(jiao)位移的(de)電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入一個脈沖信號(hao)，步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)就按照設(she)定的(de)方向轉動一個固定的(de)角(jiao)度。其(qi)結(jie)構簡單但效率(lv)和精度較低，多(duo)用于辦公自(zi)動化、通信設(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)增加了編碼(ma)器(qi)與反饋機(ji)(ji)制，使(shi)得驅動器(qi)可(ke)以根(gen)據目標值與編碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)差異(yi)來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)(de)角(jiao)度(du)(du)，從而可(ke)實現(xian)更(geng)精(jing)密的(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)適用(yong)于半導(dao)體(ti)、光伏、鋰電(dian)(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精(jing)度(du)(du)、速(su)度(du)(du)響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特(te)殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空(kong)心的(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力矩(ju)電(dian)機是(shi)以(yi)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)方向的電(dian)機，采用(yong)開環控(kong)制(zhi)。當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定值(zhi)時改變(bian)電(dian)機端電(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可調速(su)。在電(dian)動(dong)機低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能(neng)(neng)持續(xu)運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)動(dong)機的損壞，并提供穩定的力矩(ju)給負載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)、過載能(neng)(neng)力強、響(xiang)應快、特性線性度好等優點。力矩(ju)電(dian)機分為(wei)有(you)框力矩(ju)電(dian)機和(he)無框力矩(ju)電(dian)機。

（2）按照電源(yuan)類型(xing)分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅動，交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅動。直流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)動力矩大，適(shi)用于在重(zhong)負載下啟(qi)動或需(xu)要(yao)均勻(yun)調節轉速的(de)機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音(yin)低，常用于家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電刷(shua)(shua)的有無進一步(bu)分為有刷(shua)(shua)電機(ji)與無刷(shua)(shua)電機(ji)。對于直流電機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需(xu)要(yao)不斷改變電流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部(bu)的磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動。通過(guo)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交(jiao)替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行(xing)時電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變，從而(er)(er)改變電(dian)(dian)機的運(yun)動方向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)啟動快速(su)、制(zhi)動及時、調速(su)平穩，并且(qie)啟動電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低速(su)時扭矩大，因而(er)(er)能帶很重(zhong)的負荷，常(chang)用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中。但(dan)由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之(zhi)間存(cun)在(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命(ming)短(duan)，并且(qie)效率較低。

無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)氣(qi)換向(xiang)，以霍爾(er)元(yuan)件等電(dian)子(zi)換向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其(qi)線圈不動而磁極(ji)旋轉。其(qi)原(yuan)理(li)是通(tong)過霍爾(er)元(yuan)件感知(zhi)永磁體磁極(ji)的位置(zhi)，從而適(shi)時切(qie)換線圈中電(dian)流(liu)的方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的磁力來驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的優勢(shi)在于故障(zhang)率低、使用壽命長、運(yun)行(xing)時間和(he)電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)(xing)分為單相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)與(yu)三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)。單相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單相(xiang)交流電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子僅含一個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)容器等以產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。特點(dian)是結構簡單、維修方便，多應用(yong)于小型(xing)(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)器等生(sheng)(sheng)活場景(jing)。三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)交流電(dian)源供電(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交流電(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大(da)、可靠性(xing)和精度高，多用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。