龍潭電機是一種將電(dian)能(neng)轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多數(shu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)通過電(dian)流在導線繞組中與(yu)磁(ci)場(chang)的相互作用(yong)來(lai)產生扭(niu)矩(ju)，作用(yong)在電(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形(xing)成力。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場(chang)景眾多，在消費市場(chang)、工(gong)業、車載(zai)等都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下面(mian)我們首先通過復盤海外高(gao)(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠商的發展歷(li)程(cheng)，了解率先布(bu)局高(gao)(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)(xin)興(xing)領(ling)域+掌握一體化技(ji)術(shu)、掌握先發優勢是維(wei)持(chi)電(dian)機(ji)企(qi)業(ye)高(gao)(gao)利潤的關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)機(ji)行業(ye)競爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技(ji)術(shu)更新(xin)(xin)迭(die)代的機(ji)遇(yu)，及(ji)時(shi)布(bu)局伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國(guo)產替代沖出重圍，在下一階(jie)段競爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利(li)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)(zuo)用從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)(guang)義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)(guang)泛(fan)應用于我國經(jing)濟生(sheng)產各部門(men)以及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)驅動各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的(de)(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備(bei)的(de)(de)技術(shu)進(jin)步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經(jing)濟各部門(men)和(he)廣(guang)(guang)大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)指使用環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技術(shu)標準等比(bi)較特(te)殊而區(qu)別(bie)于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上(shang)來看，不(bu)同類型電(dian)機結構雖(sui)然(ran)不(bu)同，但一般都是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分和(he)(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子繞組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)(he)支撐(cheng)固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結構部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)子支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)(he)風扇(shan)等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包(bao)括(kuo)軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)有(you)多種(zhong)分(fen)類(lei)方式，按照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)機(ji)和控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)源(yuan)類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電(dian)機(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分為動力電機和(he)控制(zhi)電機

動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出功(gong)率(lv)較(jiao)大，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及制動性能，主要應用于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)床等領(ling)域(yu)。控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)輸出量(liang)的(de)幅(fu)頻特性、相頻特性及輸出特性的(de)精度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等指(zhi)標，精度(du)高、響應速度(du)快(kuai)，主要在自(zi)動控制系(xi)統中(zhong)承擔(dan)執行、檢測和(he)解算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方(fang)式進一步(bu)分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展(zhan)平而得(de)，其定子叫初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級，其優勢在于可(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無需再借助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式、平板(ban)式和管式。其主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)控制系統、短距離需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)運動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作為(wei)長(chang)期連續(xu)運行的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如(ru)用于磁懸(xuan)浮列(lie)車(che)以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制(zhi)方式進一步分為步進電機、伺(si)服電機、力矩電機。

步進電(dian)機是(shi)一種把電(dian)脈沖信號轉(zhuan)換(huan)成角位(wei)移的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)動機，每(mei)輸入一個(ge)(ge)脈沖信號，步進電(dian)機就按照設(she)定的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)轉(zhuan)動一個(ge)(ge)固定的(de)(de)(de)角度。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率(lv)和精度較低，多用于辦(ban)公自動化、通信設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等(deng)領域。 

伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)(yu)步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)與反饋機(ji)制(zhi)，使得(de)驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值與編碼器(qi)的反饋信號之間的差異來(lai)調整轉子轉動(dong)的角度，從而(er)可實(shi)現更(geng)精(jing)密的控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)、工業自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)器(qi)人等對于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi)精(jing)度、速(su)度響應、過載(zai)能力及(ji)穩定(ding)性要(yao)求高的領(ling)域。空(kong)心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種(zhong)特(te)殊的伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心(xin)的杯狀結(jie)構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)(neng)自動降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定值(zhi)時(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能(neng)(neng)持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提(ti)供穩(wen)定的力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)，具有(you)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)強、響(xiang)應快、特性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度好等優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為有(you)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流(liu)電機和交(jiao)流(liu)電機

直(zhi)流(liu)電機由直(zhi)流(liu)電源(yuan)驅(qu)動，交(jiao)流(liu)電機由交(jiao)流(liu)電源(yuan)驅(qu)動。直(zhi)流(liu)電機調(diao)速(su)性能好、啟(qi)動力矩大(da)，適用于在重負(fu)載下啟(qi)動或(huo)需要(yao)均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的機械。交(jiao)流(liu)電機效率(lv)高、噪音(yin)低，常(chang)用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的有無(wu)進一步分為有刷電(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需要不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)磁極(ji)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)就會不斷改(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)。其優勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速(su)平(ping)穩(wen)，并(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低速(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并(bing)且效(xiao)率較(jiao)低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝置(zhi)，其(qi)線(xian)圈不(bu)動(dong)而磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通過霍爾元(yuan)件感(gan)知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的位置(zhi)，從而適時切換(huan)線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，以產(chan)生正確方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)的磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使(shi)用壽命長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電機按(an)照(zhao)電源(yuan)類型(xing)分為(wei)單相(xiang)電機與三相(xiang)電機。單相(xiang)電機采用(yong)單相(xiang)交流電源(yuan)供電，定(ding)子僅含一個繞(rao)組，需(xu)借助(zhu)啟(qi)動(dong)線圈或運行電容器等(deng)以(yi)產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場。特點是結構簡(jian)單、維修方(fang)便，多應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)小(xiao)型(xing)家用(yong)電器等(deng)生活場景。三相(xiang)電機采用(yong)三相(xiang)交流電源(yuan)供電，定(ding)子繞(rao)組分為(wei)三組，通入互(hu)差120°的交流電就可產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁(ci)場。三相(xiang)電機效(xiao)率(lv)高(gao)、功率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機床等(deng)工業領(ling)域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。