四平電機是一種將電能轉換為機械能的(de)裝置。大多數電機通過電流在(zai)導線繞組中與(yu)磁場的(de)相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)產生扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)電機軸上形成(cheng)力。電機應(ying)用(yong)(yong)場景眾多，在(zai)消(xiao)費市場、工業、車載等(deng)都有應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

下面我們首先通過復盤海(hai)外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)的(de)(de)發(fa)展歷(li)程，了解率先布(bu)局高(gao)壁壘/新興(xing)領域+掌握(wo)一體(ti)化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先發(fa)優勢是維(wei)持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激(ji)烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技術(shu)更新迭代的(de)(de)機(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出(chu)重圍(wei)，在下一階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)(yu)磁相互(hu)作用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)(yu)傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義(yi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產各(ge)部門以及(ji)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為(wei)驅動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的(de)動(dong)力(li)；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備的(de)技(ji)術進步，使人(ren)們(men)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部門和廣(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝、技(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)等比(bi)較特殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構上來看，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構雖然(ran)不同(tong)，但一般(ban)都是由三大部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，即固(gu)定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由定子(zi)(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及(ji)底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和支撐固(gu)定等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)件(jian)組(zu)合；電(dian)機(ji)的(de)轉(zhuan)動部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向(xiang)器和風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分(fen)(fen)類方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分(fen)(fen)為動(dong)力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機。

（1）按照(zhao)應用(yong)領(ling)域分為動(dong)力電機(ji)和控(kong)制電機(ji)

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)輸出功(gong)率較(jiao)大，注重(zhong)電機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行及制動(dong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于汽車、家電、小型機(ji)(ji)床等領(ling)域(yu)。控制電機(ji)(ji)側(ce)重(zhong)電機(ji)(ji)輸出量的幅頻特性(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)及輸出特性(xing)(xing)的精度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等指標，精度(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)快，主(zhu)要(yao)在自動(dong)控制系(xi)統中承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運(yun)動(dong)方(fang)式進一步(bu)分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機展平(ping)而(er)得(de)，其定子叫初級、轉(zhuan)子叫次(ci)級，其優勢在于(yu)可以(yi)直(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的機械能，而(er)無(wu)需再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可分為(wei)U型槽式、平(ping)板(ban)式和(he)管(guan)式。其主要應用于(yu)自(zi)動(dong)控制(zhi)系統、短(duan)距離需要巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續(xu)運(yun)行的驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮列車(che)以(yi)及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電機(ji)(ji)、伺服電機(ji)(ji)、力矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)。

步進電機是(shi)一(yi)種把電脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成角(jiao)位移的電動(dong)機，每(mei)輸(shu)入一(yi)個脈(mo)沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號，步進電機就按照設(she)定(ding)的方向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一(yi)個固(gu)定(ding)的角(jiao)度(du)。其結(jie)構(gou)簡單但(dan)效(xiao)率和精度(du)較低，多用于(yu)辦公自動(dong)化、通信(xin)設(she)備(bei)(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)(bei)等(deng)領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相較于步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與反(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標(biao)值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)反(fan)饋(kui)信號之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)差(cha)異來調整轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)(du)，從而可實現更精密的(de)(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于半導體(ti)、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)、工(gong)業(ye)自動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)人等(deng)對(dui)于控制精度(du)(du)、速度(du)(du)響應(ying)、過載能力及穩定性(xing)要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領(ling)域。空心(xin)杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環繞著繞組(zu)和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)能自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值時(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持續(xu)運(yun)轉(zhuan)，不會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞(huai)，并提供穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能力(li)強(qiang)、響應快、特性線性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)驅動(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)驅動(dong)。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速(su)性能(neng)好、啟動(dong)力(li)矩大，適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速(su)的(de)機(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)于(yu)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷的(de)有(you)無(wu)進一步分為有(you)刷電(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子(zi)轉動(dong)需要不斷改變(bian)電(dian)流方向(xiang)。

有刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向，內部(bu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向器一起(qi)旋轉，而外(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)磁(ci)極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷都不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷的(de)(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向就會不(bu)(bu)斷改變(bian)，從而改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)向。其優勢(shi)在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及時、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速時扭矩大(da)，因(yin)而能帶很重的(de)(de)負荷(he)，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日(ri)常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于(yu)換(huan)向器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷之間(jian)存(cun)在摩擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷易損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且效率(lv)較(jiao)低。

無(wu)刷電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向器替代了(le)機械電(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不(bu)動(dong)而磁(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)原理是通(tong)過霍爾元件(jian)感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位置，從而適時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線(xian)圈中電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方(fang)向，以產(chan)生正確(que)方(fang)向的(de)磁(ci)力(li)來驅動(dong)電(dian)機。無(wu)刷電(dian)機的(de)優勢在(zai)于(yu)故(gu)障率(lv)低、使(shi)用壽(shou)命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅(jin)含一個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或運(yun)行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。特點是結構簡(jian)單、維修方(fang)便，多(duo)應用(yong)于小型家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)(chang)(chang)景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞組分為三組，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)場(chang)(chang)(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多(duo)用(yong)于水(shui)泵、機(ji)床等(deng)工業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。