朝陽電機是一種將電能轉(zhuan)換為機(ji)械(xie)能的(de)裝置。大多數電機(ji)通過(guo)電流(liu)在(zai)導線繞組中與(yu)磁(ci)場的(de)相互作用(yong)來產生扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)軸上形成力(li)。電機(ji)應(ying)用(yong)場景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)消(xiao)費市(shi)場、工(gong)業、車載等都有應(ying)用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電機(ji)廠商(shang)的(de)(de)發展歷程(cheng)，了解率先(xian)(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握一體化技術(shu)、掌(zhang)握先(xian)(xian)發優勢是維持電機(ji)企(qi)業(ye)高(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵。當(dang)前電機(ji)行(xing)業(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形(xing)機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅動電機(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技術(shu)更新迭代(dai)的(de)(de)機(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局伺服電機(ji)、空心(xin)杯電機(ji)、無(wu)框電機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重(zhong)圍，在下(xia)一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中(zhong)搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用從而(er)(er)實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用于我(wo)國經(jing)濟生產各部門以及(ji)家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備(bei)的動(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關(guan)設備(bei)的技術進步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)、生物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)(min)經(jing)濟各部門和廣(guang)大城鄉居民(min)(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)(shi)指使用環境、生產工(gong)藝、技術標準等比較(jiao)特殊而(er)(er)區別(bie)于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不(bu)同(tong)類(lei)型電機結構(gou)雖然不(bu)同(tong)，但(dan)一般都(dou)是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由定(ding)子(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)子(zi)繞組、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板等(deng)導磁、導電和(he)支撐(cheng)固定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合；電機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組、集(ji)電環、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇(shan)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電刷和(he)冷卻器(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)有多種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領(ling)域(yu)分(fen)為動力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域(yu)分為動力(li)電機和控制電機

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出功率較大，注重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)(dong)、運行及制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)能，主要應(ying)用(yong)于汽車、家電(dian)、小型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出量(liang)的幅頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及輸(shu)出特(te)性(xing)的精度(du)(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)(du)(du)等指標，精度(du)(du)(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)(du)(du)快，主要在(zai)自動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)中承擔執行、檢測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方式進一步分為(wei)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可看作由旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其(qi)優勢在(zai)于(yu)可以直接將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機(ji)械能，而(er)無需再借(jie)助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)換裝置。常見(jian)的直線(xian)(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可分為(wei)U型槽式、平板式和(he)管式。其(qi)主要應(ying)用于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短距離需要巨大直線(xian)(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)能的裝置或作為(wei)長(chang)期連續運(yun)行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁(ci)懸浮列車以及無鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控(kong)制方式進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺(si)服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種把電(dian)(dian)脈沖信(xin)號轉換成角(jiao)位移的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，每輸入一(yi)個(ge)脈沖信(xin)號，步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)就按照設定(ding)的方向轉動(dong)一(yi)個(ge)固定(ding)的角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精(jing)度較低，多(duo)用于辦公自動(dong)化、通信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)相較于(yu)步(bu)進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)增(zeng)加了編碼器與反饋機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器可以根據目標值與編碼器的(de)(de)(de)反饋信號之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)來(lai)調整(zheng)轉子(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度，從而可實現更(geng)精密的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)，主要(yao)適(shi)用(yong)于(yu)半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工(gong)業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器人等對于(yu)控制(zhi)(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載能力及穩定性要(yao)求(qiu)高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈空心的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩為控制方向的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩增大(da)時能自動降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩為一(yi)定(ding)值時改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低速(su)甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損壞，并提(ti)供(gong)穩定(ding)的力矩給負載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)矩、過載能力強、響(xiang)應快、特(te)性(xing)線性(xing)度好等優(you)點。力矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有(you)框力矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力矩電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為(wei)直流電機和交流電機

直(zhi)流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)由直(zhi)流(liu)電源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)電源驅動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大(da)，適用于(yu)在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速的機(ji)(ji)械。交流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、噪音低，常(chang)用于(yu)家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電刷的有無進(jin)一步分為有刷電機(ji)與(yu)無刷電機(ji)。對于直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電流(liu)(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器一起(qi)旋轉，而(er)外部的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)就會(hui)不斷(duan)改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)優(you)勢在于(yu)啟動(dong)(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平(ping)穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速時(shi)扭矩(ju)大(da)，因而(er)能帶很重的負(fu)荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷(shua)電機(ji)采(cai)用電氣換(huan)向，以(yi)霍爾元件等電子換(huan)向器(qi)替代(dai)了機(ji)械電刷(shua)裝置，其線(xian)圈不動(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其原理(li)是通過(guo)霍爾元件感知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極的(de)位置，從而適時(shi)切換(huan)線(xian)圈中電流的(de)方(fang)向，以(yi)產生正確(que)方(fang)向的(de)磁(ci)(ci)力來驅(qu)動(dong)電機(ji)。無刷(shua)電機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用壽命長(chang)、運行時(shi)間和電壓比(bi)較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)(xing)分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一個繞(rao)組(zu)，需借助啟(qi)動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)(ci)場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于小型(xing)(xing)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場景。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)(yong)三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉磁(ci)(ci)場。三(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率高(gao)、功(gong)率大、可靠性和精度(du)高(gao)，多用(yong)(yong)于水(shui)泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。