房山電機是(shi)一種將電能轉換為(wei)機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大多(duo)數電機(ji)通過電流在導(dao)線繞組中與磁場(chang)的(de)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用來產(chan)生扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用在電機(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)應用場(chang)景眾多(duo)，在消費市場(chang)、工業、車(che)載等都有應用。

下面我們首先(xian)通過復(fu)盤海(hai)外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的(de)發展歷(li)程，了解(jie)率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興領域+掌握一體化技術(shu)(shu)、掌握先(xian)發優勢是(shi)維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業(ye)高(gao)利潤的(de)關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競爭(zheng)激烈(lie)，人(ren)形(xing)機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住技術(shu)(shu)更(geng)新迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出(chu)重圍(wei)，在下一階(jie)段競爭(zheng)中搶(qiang)占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互作用從而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉換與傳遞的(de)機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)械(xie)系統輸出(chu)機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廣(guang)泛應(ying)用于(yu)我(wo)國經濟生產各部門以及家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為驅動(dong)(dong)各種機(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)的(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)從機(ji)械(xie)系統吸收(shou)機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和相關設備(bei)的(de)技術進步，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經濟各部門和廣(guang)大城(cheng)鄉居民提(ti)供所(suo)需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主要是(shi)指(zhi)使用環境(jing)、生產工藝、技術標準等比(bi)較特殊而(er)區別于(yu)普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同類型電(dian)(dian)機結構(gou)雖(sui)然不同，但一般都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組成，即固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分、轉動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分主(zhu)要(yao)由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等導磁、導電(dian)(dian)和(he)支撐固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)組合(he)；電(dian)(dian)機的(de)轉動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包(bao)括轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)環(huan)、換向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包(bao)括軸(zhou)承、電(dian)(dian)刷和(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有多種分類方式，按照應用(yong)領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分為動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動(dong)力電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率(lv)較大，注重電機(ji)(ji)的驅動(dong)、運行(xing)及(ji)(ji)制動(dong)性能(neng)，主要(yao)應(ying)用于(yu)汽車、家電、小型機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等領域。控制電機(ji)(ji)側重電機(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的幅頻特性、相頻特性及(ji)(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特性的精度、靈敏(min)度、穩定性、線性度等指標，精度高(gao)、響應(ying)速度快，主要(yao)在自動(dong)控制系(xi)統中承擔執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測(ce)和解(jie)算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照運動方式進一步分(fen)為旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其定子(zi)叫初級、轉子(zi)叫次級，其優勢在于可以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借助中間轉換(huan)裝置。常見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為U型槽式、平板式和(he)管式。其主要應用(yong)于自動控制系統、短距(ju)離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動能(neng)的(de)(de)裝置或作(zuo)為長(chang)期連續運行的(de)(de)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例(li)如用(yong)于磁懸浮列車以(yi)及(ji)無鋼(gang)絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式(shi)進一(yi)步分(fen)為步進電機(ji)(ji)、伺服電機(ji)(ji)、力(li)矩電機(ji)(ji)。

步進電(dian)機(ji)是一種把(ba)電(dian)脈(mo)(mo)沖信號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)角位移的電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入一個脈(mo)(mo)沖信號，步進電(dian)機(ji)就按照設定(ding)的方向轉(zhuan)動一個固定(ding)的角度。其結構簡單但效率(lv)和精度較低，多(duo)用(yong)于辦公自動化、通信設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等(deng)領(ling)域(yu)。 

伺(si)服電機(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)增加了編碼(ma)器與反(fan)饋(kui)機(ji)制，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器可以(yi)根據目標(biao)值與編碼(ma)器的反(fan)饋(kui)信號之間的差異來(lai)調(diao)整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的角度(du)，從而可實現更精密的控(kong)制，主要適用于半(ban)導(dao)體、光(guang)伏、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器人(ren)等對(dui)于控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響(xiang)應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要求高(gao)的領域。空心(xin)杯電機(ji)是一種特殊的伺(si)服電機(ji)，采用無鐵芯(xin)轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的杯狀結構，內部(bu)環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)控制(zhi)方向的電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環控制(zhi)。當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能(neng)自(zi)動降(jiang)低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值時改變電機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電壓便可調速(su)。在(zai)電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時仍(reng)能(neng)持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并提(ti)供穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)載，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)矩(ju)、過(guo)載能(neng)力(li)(li)強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度好(hao)等(deng)優點(dian)。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)無框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)電機由直流(liu)電源驅動，交(jiao)流(liu)電機由交(jiao)流(liu)電源驅動。直流(liu)電機調(diao)速性能好、啟動力(li)矩大，適用于在重負載下啟動或需要(yao)均勻調(diao)節轉速的(de)機械。交(jiao)流(liu)電機效率高、噪音低，常(chang)用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有無(wu)進一步分為(wei)有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使(shi)轉子轉動需(xu)要(yao)不斷改(gai)變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)，內部的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和換(huan)向(xiang)器一起(qi)旋轉，而外部的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不(bu)動。通過換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交(jiao)替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)就會不(bu)斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動方向(xiang)。其優(you)勢在(zai)于啟動快速、制動及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、調速平穩，并且啟動電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速時(shi)(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)而能帶(dai)很重的(de)負荷，常用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)動工具中(zhong)。但由于換(huan)向(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間(jian)存在(zai)摩擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低(di)。

無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其線圈不動而磁(ci)極旋(xuan)轉。其原理(li)是(shi)通過(guo)霍爾元件(jian)感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位置，從(cong)而適(shi)時(shi)切換線圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來(lai)驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用壽命(ming)長(chang)、運(yun)行時(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)分為單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含一個繞(rao)組，需借助啟動(dong)線圈(quan)或(huo)運行(xing)電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構(gou)簡(jian)單(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用(yong)于小型(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生活場景(jing)。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組分為三(san)組，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、功率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)床等(deng)工(gong)業(ye)領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。