順義電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能轉換(huan)為機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導(dao)線繞組中與磁(ci)場的(de)相互作用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上(shang)形成力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)場景眾(zhong)多，在(zai)(zai)消(xiao)費市(shi)場、工(gong)業、車載等都有(you)應用(yong)。

下面(mian)我們首(shou)先(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商的發展歷程，了解率先(xian)布局(ju)(ju)高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新興領域(yu)+掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)一體化技術、掌(zhang)(zhang)握(wo)先(xian)發優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待(dai)發，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局(ju)(ju)伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在(zai)下一階段競爭中搶(qiang)占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機是一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁(ci)相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與傳遞的(de)(de)機械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)(he)特種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統吸(xi)(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機械(xie)系統輸出機械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong)于我國經(jing)濟生產各(ge)(ge)部門以(yi)(yi)及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)機械(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機從機械(xie)系統吸(xi)(xi)收機械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)(he)相關設(she)備的(de)(de)技術進(jin)步，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以(yi)(yi)及風(feng)能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)、生物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經(jing)濟各(ge)(ge)部門和(he)(he)廣大(da)城(cheng)鄉居民提(ti)供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機主要(yao)是指(zhi)使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產工藝、技術標準等(deng)比較特殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機。

從結構上(shang)來(lai)看，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機結構雖然不同(tong)，但一般(ban)都(dou)是由(you)三大(da)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定子(zi)機座、機架、定子(zi)鐵心、定子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端蓋及(ji)底板等導磁、導電(dian)和(he)支(zhi)撐固(gu)定等結構部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電(dian)環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)和(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷卻(que)器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有多(duo)種(zhong)分(fen)類方式，按照應用領域分(fen)為(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領(ling)域分為動力電機(ji)和控制(zhi)電機(ji)

動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的驅動、運行(xing)及制動性能(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)應(ying)用(yong)于汽車、家電(dian)(dian)、小(xiao)型機(ji)床等領域。控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的幅頻(pin)特性、相頻(pin)特性及輸(shu)出(chu)特性的精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩(wen)定性、線性度等指標，精(jing)度高、響應(ying)速度快，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)在自動控制系統中承擔執(zhi)行(xing)、檢測和(he)解算功能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)直線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作由旋轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而得，其定子叫(jiao)(jiao)初級、轉子叫(jiao)(jiao)次級，其優勢(shi)在于(yu)可(ke)以直接將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為(wei)直線(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能(neng)，而無(wu)需(xu)再借助中間轉換(huan)裝置。常見(jian)的(de)直線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平板式(shi)和(he)管(guan)式(shi)。其主要應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)自(zi)動(dong)控制系統、短距離(li)需(xu)要巨大直線(xian)(xian)運(yun)(yun)動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置或作為(wei)長期連續運(yun)(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如(ru)用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮列車以及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照(zhao)控制方式進(jin)一步分為(wei)步進(jin)電機(ji)、伺(si)服電機(ji)、力矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號轉換成(cheng)角(jiao)位移的電(dian)動(dong)機，每輸入一個(ge)脈沖信號，步(bu)(bu)進電(dian)機就按照(zhao)設定的方(fang)向轉動(dong)一個(ge)固(gu)定的角(jiao)度(du)。其結構簡單但效(xiao)率和精度(du)較(jiao)低(di)，多(duo)用于辦(ban)公自動(dong)化(hua)、通信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)增加了編(bian)碼器(qi)與反饋機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)得驅動器(qi)可以根(gen)據目標值與編(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)反饋信號之間的(de)差異來調整轉子(zi)(zi)轉動的(de)角度(du)(du)，從而可實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)，主要(yao)(yao)適用(yong)(yong)于半導體、光伏(fu)、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)器(qi)人(ren)等對于控制(zhi)(zhi)精度(du)(du)、速度(du)(du)響(xiang)應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性(xing)要(yao)(yao)求高的(de)領(ling)域。空(kong)(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)機(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)無鐵芯轉子(zi)(zi)，呈空(kong)(kong)心的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方向的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開(kai)環控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時(shi)加大(da)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時(shi)改變(bian)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)損壞，并(bing)提供穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等優點(dian)。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)在重負載下啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)或(huo)需要(yao)均(jun)勻調節轉(zhuan)速(su)的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低，常用(yong)(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的(de)有無進一步分為(wei)有刷電(dian)機(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷改(gai)變電(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋轉，而(er)(er)外部的(de)(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)。通過換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改變(bian)，從而(er)(er)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運動(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢(shi)在于(yu)啟動(dong)快速、制(zhi)動(dong)及時(shi)(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低(di)速時(shi)(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)(er)能帶(dai)很(hen)重(zhong)的(de)(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但(dan)由于(yu)換(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存在摩擦，因而(er)(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損(sun)耗、壽命(ming)短，并(bing)且效率(lv)較低(di)。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍(huo)爾元件(jian)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了(le)機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線圈不(bu)動(dong)而磁(ci)極(ji)旋(xuan)轉。其原理是通過霍(huo)爾元件(jian)感(gan)知永磁(ci)體(ti)磁(ci)極(ji)的(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時(shi)切換線圈中(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢(shi)在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)(xing)分(fen)為(wei)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含(han)一(yi)個繞組，需借助(zhu)啟(qi)動線圈或運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產生旋轉磁場(chang)。特點是結(jie)構(gou)簡單(dan)(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多(duo)應用(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生活場(chang)景。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞組分(fen)為(wei)三組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可(ke)(ke)產生旋轉磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)(ke)靠性和精(jing)度高，多(duo)用(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。