豐臺電機是一種將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為機械能的裝置(zhi)。大多(duo)數電(dian)機通過(guo)電(dian)流在(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與(yu)磁場的相互作用(yong)來(lai)產生扭矩，作用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機軸上形成力。電(dian)機應(ying)用(yong)場景眾(zhong)多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場、工業、車載(zai)等(deng)都有(you)應(ying)用(yong)。

下面我(wo)們(men)首先(xian)通過(guo)復盤海外高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)的(de)發展(zhan)歷程，了解率先(xian)布局(ju)高壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興(xing)領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化技術、掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)先(xian)發優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競(jing)爭激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人蓄勢(shi)待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商(shang)抓住技術更新(xin)迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局(ju)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實(shi)現國產(chan)替(ti)代沖出重(zhong)圍，在下一(yi)(yi)階段(duan)競(jing)爭中搶占(zhan)先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各類型的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于我國經(jing)濟生產(chan)各部門(men)以(yi)及家(jia)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)(dong)各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備的動(dong)(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相關(guan)設(she)備的技術(shu)進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利(li)用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)(xiang)國民經(jing)濟各部門(men)和(he)廣大城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使用(yong)(yong)環(huan)境、生產(chan)工藝、技術(shu)標(biao)準等比較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看，不同類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)結(jie)構雖然不同，但一般都(dou)是(shi)由三(san)大部(bu)分(fen)組成，即(ji)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)和(he)(he)輔助部(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)分(fen)主要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)機(ji)座、機(ji)架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等(deng)導磁、導電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)支撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)部(bu)分(fen)包括(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組、集電(dian)(dian)(dian)環、換向器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)件；輔助部(bu)分(fen)包括(kuo)軸承、電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷和(he)(he)冷卻器(qi)(qi)等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應用(yong)領域分(fen)為(wei)動(dong)力(li)電機(ji)(ji)和(he)控(kong)制電機(ji)(ji)；按照電源(yuan)類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應用(yong)領域分為動(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)和控制(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)

動力(li)電機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率較(jiao)大，注重電機(ji)的(de)驅動、運行及(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于汽車、家電、小型機(ji)床等領域。控制(zhi)(zhi)電機(ji)側重電機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)幅(fu)頻(pin)特性(xing)(xing)、相頻(pin)特性(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)的(de)精度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等指標，精度高、響(xiang)應速度快，主(zhu)要(yao)在(zai)自動控制(zhi)(zhi)系統中承擔執行、檢測和解算功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)(ping)而得，其定子叫初(chu)級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級，其優勢(shi)在于(yu)(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借(jie)助中間(jian)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝置。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應用于(yu)(yu)自動(dong)控(kong)制系(xi)統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期(qi)連續運行的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于(yu)(yu)磁懸浮列車(che)以及無鋼絲繩電梯的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式進一步分為步進電機、伺服電機、力矩電機。

步進電(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位移的(de)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)，每輸入一個脈沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進電(dian)機(ji)就按(an)照設定的(de)方(fang)向轉動(dong)(dong)一個固定的(de)角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低(di)，多(duo)用(yong)于辦公自動(dong)(dong)化、通信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)(ji)增加了(le)編碼器與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)(dong)器可以根(gen)據目標值(zhi)與編碼器的(de)(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)差異來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而可實現(xian)更精密的(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于半導(dao)體(ti)、光伏(fu)、鋰電、工業自動(dong)(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)器人等(deng)對于控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領(ling)域(yu)。空心杯電機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)伺(si)服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空心的(de)(de)杯狀結構(gou)，內部環繞(rao)著繞(rao)組(zu)和(he)磁(ci)鐵(tie)。

力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)為控制(zhi)方向的電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用開環(huan)控制(zhi)。當(dang)(dang)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大(da)時(shi)能自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)，同(tong)時(shi)加大(da)輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)，當(dang)(dang)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)(ding)值時(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)壓便可調(diao)速(su)。在電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)甚(shen)至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損(sun)壞，并(bing)提(ti)供穩定(ding)(ding)的力矩(ju)(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能力強、響應(ying)快(kuai)、特性線(xian)性度好等優(you)點。力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力矩(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型分(fen)為直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)

直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機由直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機由交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動(dong)。直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機調速性能好、啟(qi)動(dong)力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于在重負載下啟(qi)動(dong)或需要(yao)均勻(yun)調節轉速的機械。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)有無進一步分為(wei)有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機與無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機。對(dui)于直流電(dian)機，為(wei)使轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變(bian)電(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用機(ji)(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋(xuan)轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動。通(tong)過換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交(jiao)替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改(gai)變(bian)，從而(er)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)運動方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在于(yu)啟動快速、制動及時、調速平穩(wen)，并且啟動電(dian)(dian)流大、在低(di)速時扭矩大，因而(er)能帶(dai)很重的(de)負荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動工具中(zhong)。但由于(yu)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較(jiao)低(di)。

無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)機采用(yong)電(dian)氣換向，以霍(huo)爾元件(jian)等電(dian)子換向器替代了機械電(dian)刷裝置，其線(xian)圈不動(dong)而(er)(er)磁(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其原理是(shi)通(tong)過霍(huo)爾元件(jian)感知永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極的(de)(de)位置，從而(er)(er)適(shi)時(shi)(shi)切換線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)(de)方向，以產生正確(que)方向的(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)力來(lai)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機。無(wu)(wu)刷電(dian)機的(de)(de)優勢在(zai)于(yu)故(gu)障率低、使用(yong)壽命長、運行時(shi)(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)類(lei)型分為單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與三(san)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用單(dan)相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)僅含(han)一個繞組，需借(jie)助啟動(dong)線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)等以(yi)產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點是(shi)結構簡單(dan)、維修方便，多應(ying)用于小型家用電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)等生活場(chang)景(jing)。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用三(san)相交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)(ding)子(zi)繞組分為三(san)組，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三(san)相電(dian)(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、功(gong)率(lv)大、可靠性和精度高(gao)，多用于水泵、機(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。