通州電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置。大(da)多數(shu)電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在(zai)(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與磁場的(de)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用來(lai)產(chan)生扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上(shang)形成(cheng)力(li)。電(dian)機(ji)應用場景(jing)眾多，在(zai)(zai)消費(fei)市場、工業、車(che)載等都有(you)應用。

下(xia)面(mian)我們(men)首先通過復盤海(hai)外高端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商的(de)發展歷程，了解(jie)率先布局高壁壘/新興領(ling)域+掌握(wo)一體化技(ji)術、掌握(wo)先發優(you)勢是維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)企業高利潤(run)的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)行(xing)業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發，驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住(zhu)技(ji)術更新迭代(dai)的(de)機(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局伺服(fu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互作(zuo)用從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我國(guo)(guo)經(jing)濟(ji)生產各(ge)部(bu)門以(yi)及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動(dong)(dong)各(ge)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備的(de)(de)技術(shu)進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)(guo)民經(jing)濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門和廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是(shi)指使(shi)用環境、生產工藝、技術(shu)標準(zhun)等(deng)比較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構(gou)上來看，不同類型(xing)電機結(jie)構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由三大(da)部分(fen)(fen)組(zu)(zu)成，即固定(ding)部分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)和輔助部分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)部分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)子機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)子鐵(tie)(tie)心、定(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板等導磁(ci)、導電和支撐(cheng)固定(ding)等結(jie)構(gou)部件(jian)組(zu)(zu)合；電機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子鐵(tie)(tie)心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)、集電環(huan)、換向(xiang)器(qi)(qi)和風扇等部件(jian)；輔助部分(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)(zhou)承、電刷和冷(leng)卻(que)器(qi)(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類(lei)方式，按照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為(wei)(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為(wei)(wei)直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為動(dong)力電機和控(kong)制電機

動力電機(ji)輸(shu)出功(gong)率較大，注(zhu)重電機(ji)的驅動、運(yun)行(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主要應(ying)用于汽車、家電、小型機(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)領域(yu)。控制(zhi)電機(ji)側(ce)重電機(ji)輸(shu)出量的幅頻(pin)特性(xing)(xing)、相頻(pin)特性(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出特性(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等(deng)指標(biao)，精(jing)度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主要在自動控制(zhi)系統中承擔(dan)執行(xing)、檢(jian)測和解算功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進一步分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得，其定(ding)子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優(you)勢在于(yu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)直接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)(wei)直線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的機(ji)械能，而(er)無(wu)需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常(chang)見的直線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)U型(xing)槽(cao)式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要應用于(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短距(ju)離需要巨大直線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置或作為(wei)(wei)(wei)長(chang)期(qi)連續(xu)運(yun)行的驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)，例如用于(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列(lie)車(che)以(yi)及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)的驅(qu)動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式進(jin)一(yi)步分(fen)為步進(jin)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

步進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信號轉(zhuan)換成角(jiao)位移的電(dian)動機，每輸入一個脈沖信號，步進電(dian)機就按照設(she)定的方向轉(zhuan)動一個固定的角(jiao)度(du)。其結構簡(jian)單但效率和(he)精度(du)較低，多用(yong)于辦(ban)公自(zi)動化(hua)、通信設(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)備(bei)等領域(yu)。 

伺服電機(ji)相較于(yu)(yu)步進電機(ji)增加了編碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)制，使得(de)驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)可以根據目標值(zhi)與(yu)編碼器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反饋信號之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)差異來調(diao)整轉子(zi)(zi)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更精(jing)(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)等對于(yu)(yu)控(kong)制精(jing)(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心杯電機(ji)是一種特(te)殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)，采用(yong)(yong)無(wu)鐵芯(xin)轉子(zi)(zi)，呈空心的(de)(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為(wei)控制方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當負載(zai)轉矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)自動(dong)降(jiang)低(di)轉速，同時(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸出轉矩(ju)，當負載(zai)轉矩(ju)為(wei)一定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低(di)速甚至堵轉（轉子無(wu)(wu)法轉動(dong)）時(shi)(shi)仍能(neng)(neng)(neng)持續運轉，不(bu)會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并(bing)提(ti)供穩定(ding)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)給負載(zai)，具有(you)低(di)轉速、大(da)扭(niu)矩(ju)、過載(zai)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等(deng)優點。力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)為(wei)有(you)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無(wu)(wu)框(kuang)力(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電源驅動，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)由交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電源驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)調速性(xing)能好、啟動力矩(ju)大，適用(yong)于在重負載下啟動或需(xu)要(yao)均勻調節(jie)轉速的機(ji)械(xie)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照(zhao)電刷的有無進一(yi)步分為有刷電機與無刷電機。對于直流電機，為使轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動需要不斷改變電流方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)機(ji)械換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)樞和(he)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器一起旋轉(zhuan)，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過(guo)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交替(ti)接觸，電(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)(shi)電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷改(gai)(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)(gai)變電(dian)機(ji)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快速、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)、調速平(ping)穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)流大、在(zai)低(di)速時(shi)(shi)扭(niu)矩大，因而(er)能(neng)帶很(hen)重的(de)負荷(he)，常(chang)用(yong)在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具(ju)中。但由(you)于換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間(jian)存在(zai)摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命(ming)短，并(bing)且效率較低(di)。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以霍(huo)爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器替(ti)代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其(qi)(qi)線圈(quan)不動而磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極旋轉。其(qi)(qi)原理(li)是通過霍(huo)爾(er)元件感知永磁(ci)(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極的(de)位置(zhi)，從(cong)而適時切換(huan)(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正確方向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)力來驅(qu)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)優勢在于故障率低(di)、使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)、運行時間和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較(jiao)穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型(xing)分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一(yi)個繞(rao)組(zu)，需(xu)借(jie)助啟(qi)動線圈(quan)或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)。特(te)點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生活場(chang)(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞(rao)組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)(san)組(zu)，通入互(hu)差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)就可產生旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機效率(lv)(lv)高、功率(lv)(lv)大、可靠性和精度高，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機床等工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。