懷柔電機是一種將電能轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能的裝(zhuang)置。大(da)多數電機(ji)(ji)通過電流在(zai)導線繞組中(zhong)與(yu)磁場(chang)的相互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩(ju)，作(zuo)用(yong)在(zai)電機(ji)(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景(jing)眾多，在(zai)消費(fei)市場(chang)、工業、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首(shou)先(xian)通過復(fu)盤(pan)海外(wai)高(gao)(gao)端(duan)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的發(fa)展歷(li)程，了解(jie)率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌握(wo)一(yi)體化技(ji)術、掌握(wo)先(xian)發(fa)優勢(shi)是維持(chi)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)(gao)利(li)潤的關(guan)鍵。當(dang)前(qian)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)行業競爭(zheng)(zheng)激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待(dai)發(fa)，驅動電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技(ji)術更新迭代(dai)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)遇，及(ji)時布(bu)局伺服電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、空心杯電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框電機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍(wei)，在下(xia)一(yi)階段競爭(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong)搶占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相(xiang)互作(zuo)用從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)(ge)(ge)類型(xing)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用于我(wo)國(guo)經濟生產(chan)各(ge)(ge)(ge)部(bu)門以及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主(zhu)要(yao)作(zuo)為驅動各(ge)(ge)(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設備的(de)(de)動力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設備的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術進步，使人(ren)們(men)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國(guo)民(min)經濟各(ge)(ge)(ge)部(bu)門和廣大城鄉居民(min)提供(gong)所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)指使用環(huan)境(jing)、生產(chan)工藝(yi)、技(ji)(ji)術標準(zhun)等(deng)比較(jiao)特殊而區別(bie)于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從(cong)結(jie)構上(shang)來看，不同(tong)類型電機結(jie)構雖(sui)然不同(tong)，但一般都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)組成，即固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)。固(gu)定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)主要由(you)定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機座、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋(gai)及(ji)底板(ban)等導磁(ci)、導電和(he)(he)支(zhi)撐固(gu)定(ding)(ding)等結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)件組合；電機的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、集電環、換向器和(he)(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)包括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電刷(shua)和(he)(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有多(duo)種分類(lei)(lei)方(fang)式，按照應用(yong)領域(yu)分為動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)；按照電(dian)源類(lei)(lei)型分為直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域(yu)分(fen)為(wei)動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)

動(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)(chu)功(gong)率(lv)較大，注重電(dian)機(ji)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)、運行(xing)及制動(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于汽車(che)、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)床等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)側重電(dian)機(ji)輸出(chu)(chu)量的(de)幅(fu)頻特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、相(xiang)頻特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及輸出(chu)(chu)特(te)(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)精度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)(xing)度等指標(biao)，精度高、響應速度快，主(zhu)要在自動(dong)(dong)控制系統中(zhong)承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解算(suan)功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)方式進一步(bu)分(fen)為(wei)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)看作(zuo)由(you)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機(ji)展平而(er)得，其(qi)定子(zi)叫初級(ji)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)叫次(ci)級(ji)，其(qi)優勢在于(yu)可(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械能，而(er)無需(xu)再(zai)借(jie)助中間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常(chang)見(jian)的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線電(dian)機(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)U型槽式、平板式和管(guan)式。其(qi)主要應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)自動(dong)控(kong)制系統、短距離需(xu)要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線運(yun)動(dong)能的(de)裝(zhuang)置或(huo)作(zuo)為(wei)長(chang)期連續運(yun)行(xing)的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)，例如用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮(fu)列車(che)以及(ji)無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進(jin)一(yi)步分為步進(jin)電機、伺服電機、力(li)矩電機。

步進電(dian)機是一種把電(dian)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角位移的(de)(de)電(dian)動機，每輸(shu)入一個(ge)脈沖信(xin)號(hao)，步進電(dian)機就按照設(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)方向轉動一個(ge)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)角度。其結構簡(jian)單但效率(lv)和精度較低，多用于(yu)辦公自動化、通信(xin)設(she)備、印(yin)刷設(she)備等(deng)領域(yu)。 

伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)相較于步(bu)進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)增加了編碼(ma)器與反饋機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器可(ke)以根據目(mu)標(biao)值(zhi)與編碼(ma)器的(de)反饋信號之(zhi)間的(de)差異來調(diao)整轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)角度，從而可(ke)實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)，主要適用于半導體、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器人等對(dui)于控制(zhi)(zhi)精度、速度響應、過載(zai)能力及穩定(ding)性要求高的(de)領域(yu)。空心杯電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種特殊的(de)伺(si)服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采(cai)用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)杯狀(zhuang)結構，內(nei)部(bu)環繞著(zhu)繞組和(he)磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)(dang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時(shi)能自動降(jiang)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)(dang)負(fu)(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)值時(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速甚至堵(du)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍(reng)能持(chi)續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供(gong)穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)(fu)載(zai)，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)、過載(zai)能力(li)(li)強、響應快、特性線性度好等優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流(liu)電機(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)

直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動，交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅(qu)動。直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速性能好、啟動力(li)矩大，適用(yong)于在(zai)重負(fu)載下啟動或(huo)需要(yao)均勻調節(jie)轉(zhuan)速的機(ji)(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、噪音(yin)低(di)，常用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有(you)無進一(yi)步分(fen)為有(you)刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與無刷電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。對(dui)于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷電(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)電(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器(qi)一(yi)起旋(xuan)轉，而外部(bu)的(de)磁極和電(dian)刷都(dou)不動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)刷的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)機(ji)運行(xing)時(shi)電(dian)流的(de)方向(xiang)就會(hui)不斷改(gai)變，從而改(gai)變電(dian)機(ji)的(de)運動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優(you)勢在(zai)(zai)于啟動(dong)快速(su)、制(zhi)動(dong)及時(shi)、調(diao)速(su)平穩，并且啟動(dong)電(dian)流大(da)、在(zai)(zai)低速(su)時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因而能帶很重(zhong)的(de)負荷(he)，常用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動(dong)工具(ju)中。但由于換向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)(yu)電(dian)刷之間存在(zai)(zai)摩(mo)擦，因而電(dian)刷易損(sun)耗、壽命短，并且效率(lv)較低。

無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)電(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元件(jian)等(deng)電(dian)子換(huan)(huan)向(xiang)器替代了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動而(er)(er)磁極旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾元件(jian)感知永磁體磁極的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從(cong)而(er)(er)適時切換(huan)(huan)線(xian)圈中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁力來驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低(di)、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長(chang)、運行時間和電(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)，定子僅含一個繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)，需借助啟動(dong)線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)容器等(deng)以產(chan)(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結(jie)構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修方便，多(duo)應用于小型家用電(dian)器等(deng)生活場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)，定子繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)分為三(san)(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的(de)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)就可產(chan)(chan)生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高、功率大、可靠性和精度(du)高，多(duo)用于水(shui)泵、機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。