松原電機是(shi)一種(zhong)將電能(neng)轉換為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大(da)多數電機(ji)通(tong)過電流在導線繞組中與磁(ci)場的相(xiang)互作用來產(chan)生扭矩，作用在電機(ji)軸(zhou)上形(xing)成力。電機(ji)應用場景眾(zhong)多，在消費(fei)市場、工(gong)業、車載(zai)等都(dou)有(you)應用。

下面我們首先(xian)(xian)通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)廠商的(de)發(fa)展歷程，了解(jie)率先(xian)(xian)布局高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)興領域+掌(zhang)握一體化技術、掌(zhang)握先(xian)(xian)發(fa)優(you)勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)利(li)潤(run)的(de)關鍵。當(dang)前電(dian)機(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄勢(shi)待發(fa)，驅(qu)動電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技術更(geng)新(xin)迭(die)代的(de)機(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出(chu)重圍，在下一階(jie)段競爭中搶占先(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)利(li)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞(di)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)輸出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)我(wo)國經濟(ji)生產各(ge)部門以及家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主要作(zuo)(zuo)為驅動(dong)(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備的(de)動(dong)(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)相關設備的(de)技術進(jin)步(bu)，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利(li)用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經濟(ji)各(ge)部門和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉(xiang)居民(min)提(ti)供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使用(yong)環境(jing)、生產工(gong)藝、技術標準(zhun)等比(bi)較(jiao)特(te)殊而區別(bie)于(yu)普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)構上來看，不同(tong)類(lei)型電(dian)機結(jie)構雖然不同(tong)，但一般都是由三大(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座(zuo)、機架(jia)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋(gai)及底板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和支撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結(jie)構部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心(xin)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和風扇(shan)等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包括軸承(cheng)、電(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器(qi)等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有(you)多種分類方式，按(an)照應用領(ling)域分為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)；按(an)照電源類型分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)。

（1）按照(zhao)應用領域分為動力(li)電機和控制電機

動(dong)力(li)電機輸出(chu)功率較大，注重電機的(de)驅動(dong)、運(yun)行及制(zhi)動(dong)性(xing)能，主要應用于(yu)汽(qi)車、家電、小型機床等領域。控制(zhi)電機側重電機輸出(chu)量(liang)的(de)幅(fu)頻特(te)性(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)及輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)的(de)精度(du)(du)、靈敏度(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度(du)(du)等指標，精度(du)(du)高、響(xiang)應速度(du)(du)快，主要在(zai)自動(dong)控制(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)中承擔執行、檢(jian)測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進(jin)一步(bu)分(fen)為旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機。直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機可看(kan)作由(you)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)電(dian)機展平(ping)(ping)而得，其(qi)定(ding)子叫初(chu)級、轉(zhuan)子叫次級，其(qi)優勢在于可以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)將電(dian)能轉(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)的機械能，而無(wu)需(xu)再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)。常見的直(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)機可分(fen)為U型(xing)槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)(ping)板(ban)式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應用(yong)于自動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制系統(tong)、短距離需(xu)要(yao)巨大直(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)作為長期連續運(yun)行的驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機，例如用(yong)于磁懸浮列車以(yi)及無(wu)鋼絲繩(sheng)電(dian)梯的驅動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進一步分為步進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力(li)矩電機(ji)。

步(bu)(bu)進電機是一種把電脈沖信(xin)號轉換(huan)成角(jiao)位(wei)移的(de)(de)電動(dong)機，每(mei)輸入一個(ge)脈沖信(xin)號，步(bu)(bu)進電機就按照設定(ding)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)轉動(dong)一個(ge)固(gu)定(ding)的(de)(de)角(jiao)度。其結構簡單但效率和精度較低，多(duo)用于辦公(gong)自動(dong)化、通(tong)信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相較(jiao)于步進電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)增加了編碼器與(yu)反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)器可以根(gen)據(ju)目標值與(yu)編碼器的(de)反饋(kui)信號之間(jian)的(de)差異(yi)來調整(zheng)轉子轉動(dong)的(de)角度，從(cong)而可實現更精密的(de)控制，主要(yao)適用于半導(dao)體、光伏、鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)、工業(ye)自動(dong)化、機(ji)(ji)(ji)器人(ren)等(deng)對于控制精度、速度響應、過載(zai)能(neng)力及穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)領域。空(kong)心杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部(bu)環繞著繞組(zu)和磁(ci)鐵。

力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是(shi)以扭矩(ju)為控制方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環(huan)控制。當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時(shi)能自動降(jiang)低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速，同時(shi)加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)值時(shi)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可(ke)調速。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低速甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無(wu)法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動）時(shi)仍能持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損(sun)壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力矩(ju)給負載，具有低轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速、大扭矩(ju)、過載能力強、響應(ying)快、特性線性度好等優點。力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分(fen)為有框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無(wu)框(kuang)力矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照(zhao)電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)(liu)電源驅動，交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)(liu)電源驅動。直流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)調速性能好(hao)、啟動力(li)矩大(da)，適用于在重負載(zai)下啟動或需要均(jun)勻調節轉速的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高、噪(zao)音低，常用于家用電器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的有(you)無進一步(bu)分為有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子轉動需要(yao)不斷(duan)改變電(dian)(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和(he)(he)換向(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)磁(ci)極和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)都(dou)不動(dong)。通過(guo)換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改(gai)變，從而(er)改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運動(dong)方向(xiang)。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于(yu)啟動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)、調(diao)速平穩，并(bing)且啟動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低(di)速時(shi)(shi)(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)負(fu)荷，常(chang)用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常(chang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具中。但由(you)于(yu)換向(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)之間存在(zai)(zai)摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命(ming)短，并(bing)且效率較低(di)。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)采用(yong)電(dian)氣(qi)換向(xiang)，以(yi)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)子(zi)換向(xiang)器替(ti)代(dai)了機(ji)械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置(zhi)，其線(xian)圈不動(dong)而(er)磁極旋轉。其原理(li)是通過(guo)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件(jian)感(gan)知永磁體磁極的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而(er)適時(shi)切換線(xian)圈中電(dian)流的(de)(de)方向(xiang)，以(yi)產生正(zheng)確方向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁力來(lai)驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在于故障率低、使用(yong)壽命長、運行時(shi)間(jian)和電(dian)壓比較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)按照(zhao)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)類型分為單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)與(yu)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用單(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)，定子僅含(han)一個繞組，需(xu)借(jie)助(zhu)啟動(dong)線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)容器(qi)等以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉磁場。特點(dian)是(shi)結構簡(jian)單(dan)、維修方便(bian)，多應用于(yu)小(xiao)型家用電(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)，定子繞組分為三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)就可(ke)產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)(xuan)轉磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠性和精(jing)度高，多用于(yu)水泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。