延邊朝鮮族電機是一種將電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)(ji)械能的裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)機(ji)(ji)通過電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)導線(xian)繞組中與磁場(chang)的相互作用(yong)(yong)(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)場(chang)景眾(zhong)多(duo)，在(zai)消費市場(chang)、工業、車(che)載等都有應用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首(shou)先通過復盤海外高端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展歷程，了(le)解率(lv)先布(bu)局(ju)高壁壘/新興領域(yu)+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化技(ji)術、掌(zhang)握(wo)先發(fa)優勢(shi)是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高利潤的關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行(xing)業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢(shi)待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技(ji)術更新迭(die)代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實(shi)現國產(chan)替(ti)代沖出重圍，在下(xia)一階(jie)段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)是一種(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實(shi)現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類(lei)型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)廣泛應用(yong)(yong)于我(wo)國經濟(ji)生產(chan)各部門以及家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅動(dong)各種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)從(cong)機(ji)械(xie)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)吸收機(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)和相關設備的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民經濟(ji)各部門和廣大城鄉居(ju)民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)主(zhu)要是指使用(yong)(yong)環境、生產(chan)工(gong)藝、技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準等比較特(te)殊而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來(lai)看，不同類(lei)型電機結構(gou)雖(sui)然不同，但一般都(dou)是(shi)由三(san)大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要(yao)由定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、定(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、端蓋及底板等(deng)導(dao)(dao)磁、導(dao)(dao)電和(he)支(zhi)撐(cheng)固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電機的轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)鐵心、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)、集(ji)電環、換(huan)向器和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)軸承、電刷和(he)冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為(wei)動力(li)電(dian)機和(he)控制電(dian)機；按照電(dian)源(yuan)類型分(fen)為(wei)直流(liu)電(dian)機和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領域分為動力(li)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)

動力電機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率較大，注重電機(ji)的驅(qu)動、運行及制動性能，主要(yao)應用于汽(qi)車(che)、家電、小(xiao)型機(ji)床等(deng)領域。控制電機(ji)側(ce)重電機(ji)輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)量的幅頻(pin)特性、相(xiang)頻(pin)特性及輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)特性的精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性、線性度等(deng)指標，精(jing)度高、響(xiang)應速度快，主要(yao)在(zai)自動控制系統(tong)中承擔執行、檢測(ce)和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方(fang)式進一步分為(wei)(wei)(wei)旋轉電(dian)(dian)機和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)看(kan)作由旋轉電(dian)(dian)機展平而得，其定子叫(jiao)初級、轉子叫(jiao)次級，其優(you)勢在于(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)機械(xie)能，而無需(xu)(xu)再(zai)借助中間轉換裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)U型(xing)槽式、平板(ban)式和管式。其主(zhu)要(yao)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)自動(dong)控制系統、短距(ju)離需(xu)(xu)要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運動(dong)能的(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)或作為(wei)(wei)(wei)長期連續(xu)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機，例如用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮列(lie)車以及(ji)無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式進一(yi)步分(fen)為步進電(dian)機(ji)、伺服電(dian)機(ji)、力矩(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

步進電機(ji)(ji)是一種把電脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)轉換成角(jiao)位移的電動機(ji)(ji)，每輸入一個脈沖(chong)信(xin)號(hao)，步進電機(ji)(ji)就按照(zhao)設(she)定的方向轉動一個固定的角(jiao)度(du)。其結構簡單但(dan)效(xiao)率和精度(du)較低，多(duo)用于辦公(gong)自動化、通(tong)信(xin)設(she)備、印刷設(she)備等(deng)領域(yu)。 

伺服電機(ji)相較于步(bu)進電機(ji)增加(jia)了編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)與反饋(kui)(kui)機(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)以(yi)根據(ju)目標值(zhi)與編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)的(de)反饋(kui)(kui)信號之間的(de)差異來調(diao)整(zheng)轉子轉動(dong)的(de)角度(du)，從而(er)可(ke)實現更(geng)精密的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于半(ban)導體、光伏、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化、機(ji)器(qi)(qi)人等對于控(kong)制(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能(neng)力及穩(wen)定性(xing)要求高(gao)的(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)電機(ji)是一種特(te)殊(shu)的(de)伺服電機(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)無鐵(tie)芯(xin)轉子，呈空心(xin)的(de)杯(bei)狀結構，內部環繞著繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)以扭矩為(wei)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，采(cai)用(yong)開環控(kong)制(zhi)。當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩增大(da)時(shi)能自動(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同(tong)時(shi)加大(da)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)矩，當(dang)負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)矩為(wei)一(yi)定值時(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低速(su)(su)甚至(zhi)堵(du)轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)損(sun)壞，并提供穩定的(de)力矩給負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大(da)扭矩、過載(zai)(zai)能力強、響(xiang)應快、特性線性度好等優點(dian)。力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)分為(wei)有(you)框力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和無框力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電機(ji)(ji)

直流電(dian)機由(you)直流電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)驅動，交流電(dian)機由(you)交流電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)驅動。直流電(dian)機調(diao)速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)動力矩大(da)，適用(yong)于在(zai)重負載下(xia)啟(qi)動或需要均勻調(diao)節轉速的機械。交流電(dian)機效率高、噪音低，常(chang)用(yong)于家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)的有無進一步分(fen)為(wei)有刷(shua)電(dian)機與無刷(shua)電(dian)機。對(dui)于直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)機，為(wei)使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改(gai)變電(dian)流(liu)(liu)方向(xiang)。

有刷(shua)電(dian)機采用機械換(huan)向，內部的(de)電(dian)樞(shu)和(he)換(huan)向器一(yi)起旋轉，而(er)外部的(de)磁極和(he)電(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換(huan)向器與(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接觸，電(dian)機運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向就會(hui)不斷改變(bian)，從(cong)而(er)改變(bian)電(dian)機的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向。其優勢在(zai)于啟動(dong)(dong)快速(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及時(shi)、調(diao)速(su)平穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)流(liu)大、在(zai)低(di)速(su)時(shi)扭矩(ju)大，因(yin)而(er)能帶(dai)很重的(de)負荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由(you)于換(huan)向器與(yu)電(dian)刷(shua)之(zhi)間存(cun)在(zai)摩擦(ca)，因(yin)而(er)電(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短(duan)，并且(qie)效率(lv)較(jiao)低(di)。

無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換向(xiang)器(qi)替代了機械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其線(xian)(xian)圈不動(dong)而(er)(er)磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是(shi)通(tong)過霍爾元(yuan)件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)位置(zhi)，從而(er)(er)適時切換線(xian)(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無刷電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)優勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用壽命長(chang)、運(yun)行時間(jian)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為(wei)單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用單(dan)相交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一(yi)個繞組，需(xu)借(jie)助(zhu)啟動(dong)線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維修(xiu)方便(bian)，多應用于小(xiao)型家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)活(huo)場景。三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用三(san)(san)相交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為(wei)三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)(san)相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高(gao)、功率大、可靠性和精度高(gao)，多用于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等工業領(ling)域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。