延慶電機是一種將電能(neng)轉(zhuan)換(huan)為機(ji)械能(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置。大(da)多數(shu)電機(ji)通(tong)過(guo)電流在導線繞組(zu)中與磁(ci)場(chang)的(de)(de)相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)來產生扭(niu)矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在電機(ji)軸上形成力。電機(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景眾多，在消(xiao)費(fei)市場(chang)、工業、車載(zai)等都有應用(yong)。

下面我們首先(xian)(xian)(xian)通過(guo)復(fu)盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)的(de)(de)發(fa)展歷程，了解率先(xian)(xian)(xian)布局(ju)高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新興領域+掌握(wo)一體(ti)化技術(shu)、掌握(wo)先(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)利潤的(de)(de)關鍵。當前(qian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)器人蓄勢待發(fa)，驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)廠(chang)(chang)商(shang)抓住技術(shu)更新迭代的(de)(de)機(ji)遇，及時(shi)布局(ju)伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)(dian)機(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在下一階段競爭(zheng)中搶占先(xian)(xian)(xian)機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用從(cong)而實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉換(huan)與傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類(lei)型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛應用于(yu)我國經濟生(sheng)產各(ge)部(bu)門(men)以(yi)及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為(wei)驅動各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械設備的(de)動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械系統(tong)(tong)(tong)吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械能(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)夠利用熱(re)能(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)、核(he)能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質能(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)經濟各(ge)部(bu)門(men)和(he)廣(guang)大城鄉居民(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)指使(shi)用環境(jing)、生(sheng)產工藝、技術標準等比(bi)較特殊而區別于(yu)普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看(kan)，不同類型電(dian)機結構(gou)雖然不同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分和(he)輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分主(zhu)要由定(ding)子(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)子(zi)繞組(zu)、端蓋及底板(ban)等(deng)導磁(ci)、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固定(ding)等(deng)結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)支架、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)繞組(zu)、集(ji)電(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等(deng)部(bu)(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)分包括軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)刷和(he)冷卻(que)器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方式，按照應用領域(yu)分(fen)為動(dong)力電(dian)機和控(kong)制電(dian)機；按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)機。

（1）按照應用領(ling)域分(fen)為動力(li)電(dian)機和控(kong)制電(dian)機

動力(li)電(dian)機輸出(chu)功(gong)率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機的(de)(de)驅(qu)動、運(yun)行(xing)及(ji)制動性(xing)能，主(zhu)要(yao)應用于汽車、家電(dian)、小(xiao)型機床等(deng)領域。控制電(dian)機側重(zhong)電(dian)機輸出(chu)量的(de)(de)幅頻特(te)(te)性(xing)、相(xiang)頻特(te)(te)性(xing)及(ji)輸出(chu)特(te)(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)精(jing)度、靈敏度、穩定性(xing)、線性(xing)度等(deng)指標，精(jing)度高、響應速度快，主(zhu)要(yao)在自(zi)動控制系統中承擔執行(xing)、檢測和解(jie)算功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機和直(zhi)線電(dian)機。直(zhi)線電(dian)機可(ke)(ke)看作由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機展平(ping)(ping)而得，其定子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優勢(shi)在于(yu)可(ke)(ke)以直(zhi)接將電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線運動(dong)的(de)(de)機械(xie)能(neng)，而無需(xu)再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常見(jian)的(de)(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)機可(ke)(ke)分為U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平(ping)(ping)板式(shi)(shi)和管式(shi)(shi)。其主要(yao)應(ying)用于(yu)自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)系統(tong)、短距離(li)需(xu)要(yao)巨大直(zhi)線運動(dong)能(neng)的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置或作為長期連續運行的(de)(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)機，例如用于(yu)磁懸(xuan)浮列(lie)車(che)以及無鋼絲繩電(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進一(yi)步分為步進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力(li)矩(ju)電機(ji)。

步(bu)進電機是一(yi)種把電脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)轉換成(cheng)角(jiao)位移的電動機，每輸入一(yi)個脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)信號(hao)，步(bu)進電機就按照設定的方(fang)向轉動一(yi)個固定的角(jiao)度(du)。其結構簡單但效率和精度(du)較低，多用于辦公自動化、通信設備、印(yin)刷(shua)設備等領域(yu)。 

伺服電機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于步進電機(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)(bian)碼器(qi)與反饋(kui)(kui)機(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動(dong)器(qi)可以根據目標值(zhi)與編(bian)(bian)碼器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)反饋(kui)(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而可實現更精密的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制，主要適用于半導(dao)體、光伏、鋰電、工業自(zi)動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控(kong)制精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力及穩定(ding)性(xing)要求(qiu)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)領域。空心(xin)杯(bei)電機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊的(de)(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子，呈空心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)杯(bei)狀(zhuang)結構(gou)，內部環繞著繞組和(he)磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)控制方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制。當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)增大(da)時(shi)(shi)能自動降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加大(da)輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負(fu)載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)為(wei)(wei)一定(ding)值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便(bian)可調(diao)速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)低速(su)甚(shen)至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)動）時(shi)(shi)仍能持續運轉(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的損壞，并提供穩定(ding)的力(li)(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)載，具有(you)低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩(ju)、過(guo)載能力(li)(li)強、響應快(kuai)、特性線性度好等優點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為(wei)(wei)有(you)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)源類型(xing)分為直流電(dian)機和交流電(dian)機

直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由直流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)由交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動(dong)(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)性能(neng)好、啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)力矩大(da)，適用(yong)于(yu)在重負(fu)載(zai)下(xia)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)或需要均勻調(diao)(diao)節轉速(su)的機(ji)(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率(lv)高、噪音低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)中(zhong)。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有(you)無進一(yi)步分為有(you)刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于直(zhi)流電(dian)機，為使轉子轉動(dong)需要(yao)不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流方向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)一起旋轉，而(er)外部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不(bu)動(dong)(dong)。通(tong)過換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)(de)(de)交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就(jiu)會不(bu)斷改變，從而(er)改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟動(dong)(dong)快(kuai)速、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速平穩，并且(qie)啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在低速時(shi)扭矩大，因而(er)能帶很(hen)重的(de)(de)(de)負荷，常(chang)用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日(ri)常(chang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工具中。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之(zhi)間存在摩擦，因而(er)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽(shou)命短，并且(qie)效(xiao)率(lv)較(jiao)低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)機采用電(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)等電(dian)子換(huan)向(xiang)器替代了(le)機械電(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線(xian)圈(quan)不動而磁極旋轉。其原理是通過(guo)霍爾元(yuan)件(jian)感知永磁體(ti)磁極的(de)(de)(de)位置，從(cong)而適時(shi)切換(huan)線(xian)圈(quan)中(zhong)電(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)，以產生正(zheng)確(que)方向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)磁力來(lai)驅動電(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)在于(yu)故障率低、使(shi)用壽(shou)命(ming)長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分(fen)為單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)僅含一(yi)個繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)，需借助啟動線圈(quan)或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)容器等(deng)(deng)以產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。特點是結(jie)構簡(jian)單(dan)(dan)、維修方(fang)便，多應用于(yu)小型家(jia)用電(dian)(dian)器等(deng)(deng)生(sheng)活場(chang)景(jing)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采(cai)用三相(xiang)(xiang)交流電(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)為三組(zu)(zu)，通入互(hu)差(cha)120°的交流電(dian)(dian)就可產(chan)生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)磁場(chang)。三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可靠性和精度高，多用于(yu)水泵、機(ji)(ji)床等(deng)(deng)工業領域(yu)。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。