北辰電機是一種(zhong)將電(dian)能轉換為機械能的裝置(zhi)。大多數(shu)電(dian)機通過電(dian)流在(zai)導(dao)線(xian)繞組(zu)中與磁場的相互作用來產(chan)生扭矩，作用在(zai)電(dian)機軸(zhou)上(shang)形成力。電(dian)機應(ying)用場景眾多，在(zai)消(xiao)費市場、工業、車(che)載等都(dou)有應(ying)用。

下面我們首先(xian)通(tong)過復盤海(hai)外(wai)高(gao)(gao)端電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發展(zhan)歷程(cheng)，了(le)解率先(xian)布局高(gao)(gao)壁(bi)壘/新興領域(yu)+掌(zhang)握一體化技術、掌(zhang)握先(xian)發優勢是維持電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)(gao)利潤(run)的關鍵。當前電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競爭激烈，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓(zhua)住技術更新迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺服電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯(bei)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無(wu)框(kuang)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)，真正實(shi)現國(guo)產替代沖出(chu)重(zhong)圍，在下一階(jie)段競爭中搶占(zhan)先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換與(yu)傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝置。廣義(yi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統吸收電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國(guo)(guo)經濟生(sheng)產各部(bu)門以(yi)及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作(zuo)為驅動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)備的(de)(de)動力；發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)系(xi)(xi)統吸收機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)統輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關(guan)設(she)備的(de)(de)技術進步，使人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國(guo)(guo)民經濟各部(bu)門和廣大(da)城(cheng)鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產工藝(yi)、技術標準(zhun)等比較特殊而區別(bie)于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上來看，不同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)結構(gou)雖(sui)然不同，但一(yi)般都是由(you)(you)三(san)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成，即固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固(gu)定部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)(you)定子(zi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)(ji)架、定子(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)、定子(zi)繞組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支撐(cheng)固(gu)定等結構(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉軸、轉子(zi)鐵(tie)(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)支架、轉子(zi)繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器(qi)和(he)風扇等部(bu)(bu)件；輔(fu)助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷和(he)冷(leng)卻器(qi)等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)類方式，按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域分(fen)(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型(xing)分(fen)(fen)為直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域分為(wei)動力電(dian)機和控制電(dian)機

動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)功率較大，注重電(dian)機的(de)驅動(dong)(dong)、運(yun)行(xing)及(ji)制(zhi)動(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主(zhu)要應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機床等(deng)領(ling)域。控制(zhi)電(dian)機側(ce)重電(dian)機輸(shu)出(chu)量的(de)幅頻特性(xing)(xing)、相頻特性(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特性(xing)(xing)的(de)精度(du)(du)(du)、靈敏(min)度(du)(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)指標，精度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)、響應(ying)速度(du)(du)(du)快，主(zhu)要在自(zi)動(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統(tong)中承擔執行(xing)、檢(jian)測和解算功能。

1）動力電機

按照(zhao)運(yun)動(dong)方式進一(yi)步分為旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)(zuo)由(you)旋(xuan)轉電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)展平(ping)而得，其定子叫(jiao)初級(ji)、轉子叫(jiao)次(ci)級(ji)，其優勢在于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能轉換為直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械能，而無需(xu)再借助中(zhong)間(jian)轉換裝(zhuang)置。常見的直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)可分為U型(xing)槽式、平(ping)板(ban)式和管式。其主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)控制系統、短距離需(xu)要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)(zuo)為長期連續運(yun)行的驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，例如用于磁懸浮列車以及無鋼(gang)絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制(zhi)方式進(jin)一步分為步進(jin)電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步(bu)進電機是一(yi)種把電脈沖信(xin)號轉換成角位移的電動機，每輸入(ru)一(yi)個脈沖信(xin)號，步(bu)進電機就(jiu)按照設定(ding)(ding)的方向轉動一(yi)個固定(ding)(ding)的角度。其結構簡單但(dan)效(xiao)率和(he)精度較低，多(duo)用(yong)于辦公(gong)自動化、通信(xin)設備(bei)、印刷設備(bei)等領(ling)域。 

伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)相較于步進電機(ji)(ji)增加了編碼(ma)器(qi)與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器(qi)可以根據目標值與編碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)差異(yi)來調整轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動的(de)角度(du)，從而可實現更精密的(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用(yong)于半導體(ti)、光伏(fu)、鋰電、工(gong)業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制(zhi)精度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力(li)及穩定性要求高的(de)領域。空心杯電機(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)特殊的(de)伺(si)服電機(ji)(ji)，采用(yong)無鐵芯轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)杯狀結構，內部(bu)環繞著繞組和磁鐵。

力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是以扭矩(ju)為控制(zhi)方(fang)向的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能自動(dong)降低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)，當負(fu)載(zai)(zai)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定(ding)值時改變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便(bian)可(ke)調(diao)速(su)(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)低(di)速(su)(su)甚至(zhi)堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時仍能持續運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)損壞，并提(ti)供穩定(ding)的(de)力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)給負(fu)載(zai)(zai)，具有低(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)(su)、大扭矩(ju)、過(guo)載(zai)(zai)能力(li)(li)(li)強、響應(ying)快、特性線性度好等優(you)點。力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)分為有框力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和無框力(li)(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（2）按(an)照(zhao)電源(yuan)類型分為直流電機(ji)和交流電機(ji)

直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由直流(liu)電(dian)源驅動，交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)源驅動。直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速性能好(hao)、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用于在(zai)重負載(zai)下啟(qi)動或需要均(jun)勻(yun)調節轉速的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷(shua)的有無(wu)進一步分為有刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無(wu)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷(duan)改變電(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向。

有刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械(xie)換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)一起旋轉(zhuan)，而外部的磁極和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)。通過(guo)換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機運行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷(duan)改(gai)變(bian)，從而改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機的運動(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其(qi)優(you)勢在(zai)于啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)快(kuai)速(su)、制動(dong)及時、調速(su)平(ping)穩，并且啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在(zai)低速(su)時扭(niu)矩大(da)，因(yin)而能帶(dai)很重的負(fu)荷，常用在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)工具中。但(dan)由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器(qi)(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間存在(zai)摩擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易(yi)損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)換(huan)向，以(yi)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向器替代了機械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝置，其線圈(quan)不動(dong)而磁極旋(xuan)轉。其原(yuan)理是通過(guo)霍(huo)爾(er)元(yuan)件感知永磁體磁極的(de)(de)位置，從而適(shi)時切換(huan)線圈(quan)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向，以(yi)產(chan)生正(zheng)確方向的(de)(de)磁力來驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)優勢在于故(gu)障率低、使用壽(shou)命長、運行時間和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)源類型分為(wei)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)單(dan)(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)僅含一個(ge)繞(rao)組，需借(jie)助(zhu)啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)容器等以產生旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)(dan)、維修方便，多應用(yong)(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器等生活場(chang)景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組分為(wei)三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生旋(xuan)轉磁場(chang)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)機效率高、功率大、可靠性和精(jing)度高，多用(yong)(yong)于(yu)水泵(beng)、機床等工(gong)業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。