津南電機是一種將(jiang)電(dian)能轉換為機(ji)械能的(de)裝置(zhi)。大多數(shu)電(dian)機(ji)通過電(dian)流在導線(xian)繞組中與磁場的(de)相互作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)來(lai)產生扭矩(ju)，作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)在電(dian)機(ji)軸上形成力。電(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)(yong)場景眾多，在消費市場、工業、車載等都(dou)有應用(yong)(yong)。

下面我們首先通過復盤海外高(gao)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的(de)發展歷程，了解(jie)率先布局高(gao)壁壘/新興領域+掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)一(yi)體化技(ji)術(shu)、掌(zhang)握(wo)(wo)先發優(you)勢(shi)是維持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業高(gao)利潤(run)的(de)關鍵(jian)。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈，人形(xing)機(ji)(ji)器人蓄(xu)勢(shi)待發，驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住技(ji)術(shu)更新迭代的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布局伺(si)服(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心杯電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正實現國產替代沖出重(zhong)圍，在(zai)下一(yi)階段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁(ci)相(xiang)互(hu)作用(yong)從而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)裝置。廣義的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型(xing)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生(sheng)產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門以及家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要作為(wei)驅動各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)的動力；發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相(xiang)關設(she)備(bei)的技術進步，使(shi)人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生(sheng)物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民經濟(ji)各(ge)部(bu)門和廣大(da)城鄉居民提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要是(shi)指使(shi)用(yong)環境、生(sheng)產(chan)工藝、技術標準(zhun)等(deng)比較特(te)殊(shu)而區別于普通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構上來看(kan)，不同(tong)類型電(dian)機結構雖(sui)然不同(tong)，但一(yi)般(ban)都(dou)是由三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)組(zu)成，即固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)和(he)輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)。固定(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)主(zhu)要由定(ding)(ding)子機座(zuo)、機架、定(ding)(ding)子鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)子繞組(zu)、端(duan)蓋及底(di)板等(deng)(deng)導磁、導電(dian)和(he)支撐固定(ding)(ding)等(deng)(deng)結構部(bu)(bu)件組(zu)合；電(dian)機的轉(zhuan)動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括轉(zhuan)軸、轉(zhuan)子鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)子繞組(zu)、集電(dian)環、換向器和(he)風扇等(deng)(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助(zhu)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)包(bao)括軸承、電(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷卻器等(deng)(deng)。

2.電機分類

電機(ji)有多種分類方式，按照(zhao)應用領(ling)域(yu)分為動力電機(ji)和(he)控制電機(ji)；按照(zhao)電源類型分為直流電機(ji)和(he)交(jiao)流電機(ji)。

（1）按照應用領(ling)域分為(wei)動(dong)力電(dian)機和控制(zhi)電(dian)機

動力(li)電(dian)機輸出(chu)功率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機的驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性能，主要(yao)應用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)、小型機床等領域(yu)。控制(zhi)電(dian)機側重(zhong)電(dian)機輸出(chu)量的幅頻特性、相頻特性及輸出(chu)特性的精度(du)、靈(ling)敏度(du)、穩定(ding)性、線性度(du)等指(zhi)標，精度(du)高、響應速(su)度(du)快，主要(yao)在自動控制(zhi)系統中承擔執(zhi)行、檢測和解(jie)算功能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)看(kan)作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機展平(ping)而得，其定子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次級，其優勢在于(yu)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)機械能，而無需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)裝(zhuang)置。常(chang)見的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機可(ke)(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)、平(ping)板式(shi)和(he)管式(shi)。其主要應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制(zhi)系統(tong)、短距離(li)需要巨大直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，例如用(yong)于(yu)磁懸浮列車以(yi)及(ji)無鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方式(shi)進一步(bu)分為(wei)步(bu)進電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進電機是一(yi)種把電脈沖(chong)信號轉換成角位移的電動(dong)(dong)(dong)機，每輸入(ru)一(yi)個脈沖(chong)信號，步進電機就按照(zhao)設(she)(she)定的方向轉動(dong)(dong)(dong)一(yi)個固定的角度(du)。其結構簡單但效率(lv)和精度(du)較低(di)，多(duo)用于辦公自動(dong)(dong)(dong)化、通信設(she)(she)備(bei)、印刷設(she)(she)備(bei)等領域(yu)。 

伺服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步進電機(ji)(ji)增加了編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)反饋機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得(de)驅動(dong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)可(ke)以根據(ju)目(mu)標值與(yu)編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)反饋信號之間的(de)(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉(zhuan)子(zi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)的(de)(de)角度(du)，從而(er)可(ke)實現更(geng)精密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要適用于(yu)半(ban)導體、光(guang)伏、鋰電、工業(ye)自動(dong)化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)(qi)人等對于(yu)控制(zhi)精度(du)、速(su)度(du)響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)(de)領域。空心杯電機(ji)(ji)是(shi)一種特(te)殊的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉(zhuan)子(zi)，呈空心的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內(nei)部環(huan)繞著(zhu)繞組和磁鐵(tie)。

力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭矩為控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)方向的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開(kai)環(huan)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩增大(da)時(shi)能(neng)(neng)自動(dong)(dong)降低轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)加大(da)輸出(chu)轉(zhuan)矩，當負(fu)載(zai)轉(zhuan)矩為一定值時(shi)改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)便可調(diao)速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)低速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無法(fa)轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)）時(shi)仍能(neng)(neng)持續運轉(zhuan)，不會(hui)造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)的損壞，并提供(gong)穩定的力矩給負(fu)載(zai)，具(ju)有低轉(zhuan)速(su)、大(da)扭矩、過(guo)載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力強、響應快(kuai)、特性(xing)線性(xing)度(du)好等(deng)優點。力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和無框力矩電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)

直流電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直流電(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動，交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交(jiao)流電(dian)源(yuan)驅(qu)動。直流電(dian)機(ji)調(diao)速性能好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在重負(fu)載下(xia)啟(qi)動或(huo)需(xu)要(yao)均勻(yun)調(diao)節轉速的機(ji)械。交(jiao)流電(dian)機(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪音低(di)，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有無進一步(bu)分為(wei)(wei)有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)與(yu)無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。對于直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，為(wei)(wei)使轉子轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)(dian)流方(fang)向。

有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)，內(nei)部的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和換向(xiang)器(qi)一起(qi)旋轉，而外部的(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)都不動。通過(guo)換向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的(de)交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行時電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)運(yun)動方(fang)向(xiang)。其(qi)優勢在于啟(qi)動快速、制動及時、調速平穩，并且啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流大(da)、在低速時扭(niu)矩大(da)，因而能帶(dai)很重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動工(gong)具中。但由于換向(xiang)器(qi)與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)之間存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較低。

無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向(xiang)，以(yi)霍(huo)爾元件等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機(ji)(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷裝置，其(qi)線(xian)圈不動而(er)磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)旋(xuan)轉。其(qi)原理是通過(guo)霍(huo)爾元件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極(ji)(ji)的(de)位置，從而(er)適時(shi)切(qie)換(huan)線(xian)圈中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)方(fang)向(xiang)，以(yi)產生正確方(fang)向(xiang)的(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。無刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)優(you)勢在于故障率低、使用壽命長、運行時(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)較穩定(ding)。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型(xing)(xing)分為單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一(yi)個繞組，需借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器等(deng)以產生(sheng)旋轉磁場(chang)。特點(dian)是結(jie)構簡單、維(wei)修方便(bian)，多應(ying)用(yong)于小型(xing)(xing)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器等(deng)生(sheng)活(huo)場(chang)景。三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組分為三(san)(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生(sheng)旋轉磁場(chang)。三(san)(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)效率高(gao)、功(gong)率大、可靠性和精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。