東麗電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)機(ji)(ji)械能的裝置。大多(duo)數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)通過電(dian)(dian)流在導(dao)線繞(rao)組中與磁場(chang)的相互作用(yong)來產生扭矩(ju)，作用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)軸上形(xing)成(cheng)力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)應用(yong)場(chang)景(jing)眾多(duo)，在消費市場(chang)、工業、車(che)載等都有應用(yong)。

下(xia)面我們首先(xian)通(tong)過復盤海外(wai)高(gao)端電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商的發(fa)展(zhan)歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)布(bu)局高(gao)壁壘(lei)/新(xin)(xin)興領域+掌握一(yi)體化技術(shu)、掌握先(xian)發(fa)優勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企業高(gao)利潤(run)的關(guan)鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業競(jing)爭激烈，人(ren)形機(ji)(ji)器人(ren)蓄勢待發(fa)，驅動電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠商抓住技術(shu)更(geng)新(xin)(xin)迭代的機(ji)(ji)遇，及時布(bu)局伺(si)服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真(zhen)正實(shi)現(xian)國(guo)產(chan)替代沖出重圍(wei)，在下(xia)一(yi)階(jie)段競(jing)爭中搶占(zhan)先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)電(dian)(dian)與磁相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)從而(er)實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉換與傳遞(di)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)磁裝置(zhi)。廣義的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)從電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統輸出機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)廣泛應用(yong)于我國經濟(ji)生產各部門以及(ji)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中，主要作(zuo)為驅動各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)設備的(de)動力(li)；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)從機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統輸出電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)相(xiang)關設備的(de)技術(shu)進步(bu)，使人(ren)們能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)熱(re)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、水能(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)以及(ji)風能(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經濟(ji)各部門和(he)廣大城(cheng)鄉居民(min)提供(gong)所需電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)主要是指使用(yong)環境、生產工藝、技術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)等比較特殊而(er)區別于普通電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)上(shang)來看，不(bu)同類型電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)結構(gou)雖(sui)然不(bu)同，但一般都(dou)是由(you)三大部(bu)分(fen)組成，即固定部(bu)分(fen)、轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)和(he)輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)。固定部(bu)分(fen)主要由(you)定子(zi)(zi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)座、機(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)、定子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定子(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等導(dao)磁、導(dao)電(dian)和(he)支撐固定等結構(gou)部(bu)件(jian)組合；電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)轉動(dong)部(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括轉軸(zhou)、轉子(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)支架(jia)、轉子(zi)(zi)繞組、集電(dian)環、換(huan)向器和(he)風扇等部(bu)件(jian)；輔(fu)助部(bu)分(fen)包(bao)括軸(zhou)承、電(dian)刷(shua)和(he)冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)有(you)多種分(fen)類方式，按(an)照(zhao)應用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)；按(an)照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)交流電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（1）按(an)照應(ying)用領(ling)域分為動力電(dian)機和控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)機

動力電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出功(gong)率較大，注重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的驅動、運行及(ji)制動性能，主要應用于汽車(che)、家電(dian)、小(xiao)型(xing)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等領域。控制電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)側重(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出量的幅(fu)頻(pin)特性、相頻(pin)特性及(ji)輸出特性的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定性、線性度(du)等指標(biao)，精(jing)度(du)高、響應速度(du)快，主要在自動控制系統中承(cheng)擔執行、檢測和解(jie)算(suan)功(gong)能。

1）動力電機

按照運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)進一步分為(wei)旋轉電(dian)(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)看作由旋轉電(dian)(dian)機展平而得，其(qi)(qi)定子(zi)叫初級(ji)、轉子(zi)叫次級(ji)，其(qi)(qi)優勢在(zai)于可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)能轉換為(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的機械(xie)能，而無(wu)需再借助(zhu)中(zhong)間(jian)轉換裝(zhuang)置。常見的直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)機可(ke)分為(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和(he)管(guan)式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)應用于自動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制系(xi)統、短距離需要(yao)巨(ju)大(da)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)能的裝(zhuang)置或(huo)作為(wei)長期(qi)連續(xu)運(yun)行的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機，例如用于磁懸浮列車以(yi)及無(wu)鋼絲繩電(dian)(dian)梯的驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控制方式(shi)進一步(bu)分為步(bu)進電(dian)機、伺服電(dian)機、力(li)矩電(dian)機。

步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)是一(yi)種把電(dian)脈沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號轉(zhuan)換成(cheng)角位移的電(dian)動機(ji)，每輸入一(yi)個脈沖(chong)(chong)信(xin)號，步進(jin)電(dian)機(ji)就按(an)照(zhao)設定的方向轉(zhuan)動一(yi)個固定的角度。其結(jie)構簡單但效率和精度較(jiao)低，多用于辦公自動化、通(tong)信(xin)設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于(yu)步(bu)進電(dian)機(ji)(ji)增(zeng)加了編(bian)碼(ma)器與反饋(kui)機(ji)(ji)制(zhi)，使得驅動器可以根(gen)據目標值與編(bian)碼(ma)器的(de)(de)反饋(kui)信號之間的(de)(de)差異來調整(zheng)轉子(zi)轉動的(de)(de)角度(du)，從(cong)而可實(shi)現更精(jing)密的(de)(de)控制(zhi)，主要(yao)適用于(yu)半導體、光伏、鋰電(dian)、工業自動化、機(ji)(ji)器人等對于(yu)控制(zhi)精(jing)度(du)、速度(du)響應、過載能力(li)及(ji)穩定性要(yao)求高的(de)(de)領(ling)域。空心杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)是一種特殊(shu)的(de)(de)伺服(fu)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵(tie)(tie)芯轉子(zi)，呈(cheng)空心的(de)(de)杯狀結構，內部環(huan)繞(rao)著繞(rao)組和磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)是以(yi)扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控(kong)制方(fang)向的(de)(de)電(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控(kong)制。當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增大時(shi)(shi)能(neng)自(zi)動(dong)降低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)，同時(shi)(shi)加大輸(shu)出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當負載轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定值時(shi)(shi)改變電(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)壓便(bian)可調(diao)速(su)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)低(di)(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子無法轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)）時(shi)(shi)仍能(neng)持續運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)的(de)(de)損壞，并提供穩定的(de)(de)力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載，具有(you)低(di)(di)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)、大扭矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)、響應快、特性線(xian)性度好等優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)分為有(you)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)和無框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按(an)照電源類(lei)型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)直流(liu)電(dian)源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由(you)交流(liu)電(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調(diao)(diao)速(su)性能好(hao)、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)于在重負載下啟動(dong)或(huo)需(xu)要均勻調(diao)(diao)節(jie)轉速(su)的機(ji)械(xie)。交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率(lv)高(gao)、噪音低，常用(yong)于家用(yong)電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照電(dian)刷的有(you)無進一(yi)步(bu)分為有(you)刷電(dian)機與無刷電(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機，為使(shi)轉子轉動需要不斷改(gai)變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有刷(shua)(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用機(ji)械(xie)換向，內部的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和換向器(qi)一(yi)起旋轉，而外部的(de)(de)磁極和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)都不動。通過換向器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)的(de)(de)交替接觸(chu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)方向就會不斷改變，從(cong)而改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)運(yun)動方向。其優勢在(zai)(zai)于啟(qi)動快速(su)、制(zhi)動及(ji)時(shi)、調速(su)平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大、在(zai)(zai)低(di)速(su)時(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)而能(neng)帶很重(zhong)的(de)(de)負荷，常用在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆(zhan)等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動工(gong)具中。但由于換向器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)之間存在(zai)(zai)摩(mo)擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)(shua)易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低(di)。

無刷電機(ji)采用電氣換向(xiang)，以霍爾元件等電子換向(xiang)器替代(dai)了機(ji)械電刷裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其線圈(quan)不(bu)動而磁(ci)極旋(xuan)轉。其原理是(shi)通過霍爾元件感知永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時切換線圈(quan)中電流的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)，以產生正確方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)的(de)(de)磁(ci)力來驅動電機(ji)。無刷電機(ji)的(de)(de)優勢在于故障(zhang)率低、使用壽命長(chang)、運(yun)行時間和電壓(ya)比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類(lei)型分為(wei)單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)僅含(han)一個繞(rao)組，需(xu)借助啟動線圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。特點是結構簡單、維修方便，多應用(yong)于小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生活場景(jing)。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子(zi)繞(rao)組分為(wei)三(san)(san)組，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可產生旋轉(zhuan)磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可靠性和(he)精(jing)度(du)高，多用(yong)于水(shui)泵(beng)、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。