和平電機是(shi)一種將(jiang)電(dian)能轉換為(wei)機械能的(de)裝置。大多數電(dian)機通(tong)過電(dian)流在導線繞組中與磁(ci)場的(de)相(xiang)互作(zuo)用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作(zuo)用(yong)在電(dian)機軸上(shang)形(xing)成力(li)。電(dian)機應用(yong)場景眾多，在消費(fei)市場、工(gong)業(ye)、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下(xia)(xia)面(mian)我(wo)們首先通過復盤海外高端電(dian)機(ji)廠商的(de)(de)發展歷(li)程(cheng)，了(le)解率(lv)先布(bu)局高壁壘(lei)/新興領域(yu)+掌(zhang)握(wo)一體化(hua)技術(shu)、掌(zhang)握(wo)先發優勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)企業高利(li)潤的(de)(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)行業競爭(zheng)激烈，人形機(ji)器(qi)人蓄(xu)勢待(dai)發，驅動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)廠商抓住技術(shu)更新迭代(dai)的(de)(de)機(ji)遇，及時(shi)布(bu)局伺服電(dian)機(ji)、空(kong)心杯電(dian)機(ji)、無(wu)框電(dian)機(ji)等，真(zhen)正(zheng)實現(xian)國產替(ti)代(dai)沖出重圍，在(zai)下(xia)(xia)一階段(duan)競爭(zheng)中搶占先機(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與(yu)磁相互(hu)作用從(cong)(cong)而實現(xian)能(neng)(neng)量轉換與(yu)傳遞的(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置。廣(guang)義的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)吸收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，向機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，各類型的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)用于我國經濟生產各部門(men)以及家用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器中，主要(yao)作為(wei)驅動(dong)各種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)系統(tong)(tong)吸收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)能(neng)(neng)，向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)(tong)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設備(bei)(bei)的(de)技術(shu)進步，使人們(men)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)利用熱能(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)以及風能(neng)(neng)、太(tai)陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)、生物(wu)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)等(deng)能(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向國民(min)經濟各部門(men)和廣(guang)大城鄉居民(min)提供所需(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)；特種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)主要(yao)是指使用環(huan)境、生產工藝(yi)、技術(shu)標準等(deng)比較特殊(shu)而區別于普通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結(jie)(jie)構上來(lai)看，不同類型(xing)電機結(jie)(jie)構雖然不同，但(dan)一般都是由(you)三大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組成，即固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)、轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)和輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。固定(ding)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主(zhu)要由(you)定(ding)子機座、機架、定(ding)子鐵心、定(ding)子繞組、端蓋及底板(ban)等(deng)導(dao)磁、導(dao)電和支撐固定(ding)等(deng)結(jie)(jie)構部(bu)(bu)件組合；電機的轉(zhuan)動部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括轉(zhuan)軸(zhou)、轉(zhuan)子鐵心、轉(zhuan)子支架、轉(zhuan)子繞組、集電環、換向器和風扇(shan)等(deng)部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分(fen)包括軸(zhou)承、電刷和冷卻器等(deng)。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)有多種分(fen)類方式，按照(zhao)應(ying)用領域分(fen)為動力電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和控制電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)；按照(zhao)電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。

（1）按照應用領域(yu)分為動力電機(ji)和控制電機(ji)

動力電(dian)(dian)機輸出(chu)功(gong)率(lv)較大，注重電(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)驅動、運行及制(zhi)動性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，主(zhu)要應用于汽車、家(jia)電(dian)(dian)、小型機床等(deng)領域。控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)機側重電(dian)(dian)機輸出(chu)量的(de)(de)幅頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及輸出(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)精度、靈(ling)敏度、穩定性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度等(deng)指標，精度高、響應速度快(kuai)，主(zhu)要在(zai)自動控(kong)制(zhi)系統中(zhong)承擔執(zhi)行、檢(jian)測(ce)和解(jie)算(suan)功(gong)能(neng)。

1）動力電機

按(an)照(zhao)運(yun)動(dong)方式(shi)(shi)進(jin)一步分(fen)為(wei)(wei)旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)和(he)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)展平而得，其(qi)定子叫(jiao)初級、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫(jiao)次(ci)級，其(qi)優勢在(zai)于可以直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)(ji)械能，而無(wu)(wu)需再借助中間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝置(zhi)。常見的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)可分(fen)為(wei)(wei)U型槽式(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應(ying)用于自動(dong)控制系統、短距離(li)需要(yao)巨大直(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)運(yun)動(dong)能的(de)裝置(zhi)或作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)長期連續運(yun)行的(de)驅動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)，例如用于磁(ci)懸浮列車(che)以及(ji)無(wu)(wu)鋼(gang)絲(si)繩電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)驅動(dong)。

2）控制電機

按照控制方(fang)式進(jin)一步分(fen)為步進(jin)電機(ji)、伺服電機(ji)、力矩電機(ji)。

步進(jin)電機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種把電脈沖信號轉(zhuan)換成角(jiao)位移的(de)電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)，每輸入一(yi)個(ge)脈沖信號，步進(jin)電機(ji)(ji)就按照設定的(de)方(fang)向轉(zhuan)動(dong)一(yi)個(ge)固(gu)定的(de)角(jiao)度(du)。其(qi)結構簡單但效率和精度(du)較(jiao)低(di)，多用于辦(ban)公自動(dong)化、通信設備、印刷設備等領域。 

伺(si)(si)服電機相較于步(bu)進電機增加了編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)與反饋(kui)(kui)機制(zhi)，使得驅(qu)動(dong)器(qi)(qi)可以根據目標值與編碼(ma)器(qi)(qi)的反饋(kui)(kui)信號之間的差(cha)異來調整轉子轉動(dong)的角度，從(cong)而可實現(xian)更精密的控制(zhi)，主要適用于半導(dao)體、光伏、鋰電、工業自動(dong)化、機器(qi)(qi)人等對(dui)于控制(zhi)精度、速度響(xiang)應(ying)、過載(zai)能力及穩(wen)定性要求(qiu)高的領域。空(kong)心杯(bei)電機是一(yi)種(zhong)特殊的伺(si)(si)服電機，采用無鐵(tie)芯轉子，呈空(kong)心的杯(bei)狀(zhuang)結(jie)構，內部環(huan)繞著繞組(zu)和磁鐵(tie)。

力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)是以扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為控制(zhi)方向(xiang)的電(dian)(dian)機(ji)，采用開環控制(zhi)。當(dang)負載(zai)(zai)轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)增(zeng)大時能自動降低轉速，同時加大輸出轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，當(dang)負載(zai)(zai)轉矩(ju)(ju)(ju)為一定(ding)值時改(gai)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)壓便可調速。在電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)低速甚至堵轉（轉子無(wu)法(fa)轉動）時仍能持續運(yun)轉，不會造成電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)的損壞，并(bing)提供穩(wen)定(ding)的力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)給負載(zai)(zai)，具(ju)有低轉速、大扭(niu)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)、過載(zai)(zai)能力(li)強、響應快、特性(xing)線性(xing)度(du)好等(deng)優點。力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)分為有框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)和(he)無(wu)框力(li)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。

（2）按照電源類(lei)型分為直流電機和交流電機

直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由(you)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)，交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)由(you)交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源驅動(dong)。直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調速(su)性能好、啟動(dong)力矩大，適用(yong)于(yu)在重負載下啟動(dong)或需要均(jun)勻調節(jie)轉速(su)的機(ji)(ji)(ji)械。交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效(xiao)率高、噪(zao)音低，常用(yong)于(yu)家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按照(zhao)電(dian)刷(shua)(shua)的有無進一步分為有刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機與無刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)機。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機，為使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)需要不斷改(gai)變電(dian)流(liu)方向。

有(you)刷電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采(cai)用機(ji)械換向(xiang)，內部的電(dian)(dian)樞(shu)和(he)換向(xiang)器一起旋轉，而外部的磁極和(he)電(dian)(dian)刷都(dou)不動(dong)。通過換向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷的交替接觸，電(dian)(dian)機(ji)運行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流的方向(xiang)就(jiu)會不斷(duan)改(gai)變，從而改(gai)變電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的運動(dong)方向(xiang)。其(qi)優(you)勢在于啟(qi)動(dong)快速、制動(dong)及時(shi)、調速平穩，并(bing)且啟(qi)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)流大、在低速時(shi)扭矩大，因(yin)而能帶(dai)很重(zhong)的負(fu)荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)動(dong)工(gong)具中。但由于換向(xiang)器與(yu)電(dian)(dian)刷之間存在摩擦，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)刷易損耗(hao)、壽命短，并(bing)且效率較低。

無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向，以霍爾元(yuan)件等電(dian)(dian)(dian)子換(huan)向器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)裝(zhuang)置，其線圈不動而磁(ci)極旋轉。其原理是通過霍爾元(yuan)件感知(zhi)永磁(ci)體磁(ci)極的(de)(de)(de)位置，從(cong)而適時切(qie)換(huan)線圈中電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向，以產(chan)生正確方(fang)向的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)力(li)來驅動電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)優勢在于故障率低、使(shi)用壽命長(chang)、運行時間(jian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)按(an)照電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)與三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。單相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)單相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子僅(jin)含一個繞組(zu)，需借助啟動線(xian)圈或(huo)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等以產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉磁場。特(te)點(dian)是結構簡單、維修方便，多應用(yong)于小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等生(sheng)(sheng)活場景。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)采用(yong)三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，定子繞組(zu)分(fen)為三(san)(san)組(zu)，通入互差(cha)120°的(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)就可(ke)產生(sheng)(sheng)旋轉磁場。三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)效率高、功率大、可(ke)靠性(xing)和精度高，多用(yong)于水泵、機(ji)(ji)(ji)床等工(gong)業(ye)領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。