西青電機是一種將電(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉換(huan)為機(ji)械能(neng)的裝置。大多數電(dian)(dian)機(ji)通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)流(liu)在導線繞組(zu)中與磁(ci)場的相互(hu)作用(yong)來產生(sheng)扭矩，作用(yong)在電(dian)(dian)機(ji)軸(zhou)上(shang)形(xing)成(cheng)力。電(dian)(dian)機(ji)應用(yong)場景(jing)眾多，在消(xiao)費市場、工業、車載等都有應用(yong)。

下面(mian)我們(men)首先(xian)通過復盤海外高端(duan)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商的(de)發展歷程，了(le)解率先(xian)布局(ju)高壁壘/新興領域+掌握(wo)一體化技(ji)術、掌握(wo)先(xian)發優勢是維持電(dian)機(ji)(ji)企(qi)業(ye)高利潤的(de)關鍵。當前電(dian)機(ji)(ji)行業(ye)競(jing)爭(zheng)激烈(lie)，人形機(ji)(ji)器人蓄勢待發，驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)廠(chang)商抓住(zhu)技(ji)術更新迭代(dai)的(de)機(ji)(ji)遇(yu)，及(ji)時(shi)布局(ju)伺服電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、空心(xin)杯電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、無框電(dian)機(ji)(ji)等，真正(zheng)實(shi)現國產替代(dai)沖出重圍，在(zai)下一階(jie)段競(jing)爭(zheng)中搶(qiang)占先(xian)機(ji)(ji)。

01電機行業概述

1.電機定義及組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是一種(zhong)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與磁相互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)從(cong)而實現能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量轉(zhuan)換與傳遞的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。廣義(yi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和特(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，各(ge)類型的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于我國經濟生產(chan)各(ge)部(bu)門以(yi)及家用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)中，主(zhu)要作(zuo)為驅(qu)動(dong)各(ge)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)動(dong)力；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)從(cong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)吸(xi)收(shou)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)輸出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和相關設(she)備(bei)的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術進步，使(shi)人們能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠利用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、水(shui)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、核能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)及風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、生物質能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)等能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，向(xiang)國民(min)(min)經濟各(ge)部(bu)門和廣大城鄉居民(min)(min)提供所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；特(te)(te)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)主(zhu)要是指使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)環境、生產(chan)工藝(yi)、技(ji)(ji)術標準等比較特(te)(te)殊而區別于普(pu)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

從結構(gou)(gou)上來(lai)看，不(bu)同類型電(dian)(dian)(dian)機結構(gou)(gou)雖然不(bu)同，但一般都是由三大部(bu)(bu)分組成(cheng)，即固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分、轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分和輔助部(bu)(bu)分。固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)部(bu)(bu)分主要由定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)機座、機架、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、端蓋及底板等導磁(ci)、導電(dian)(dian)(dian)和支(zhi)撐固定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)等結構(gou)(gou)部(bu)(bu)件組合；電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的轉動(dong)部(bu)(bu)分包括(kuo)轉軸、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)鐵(tie)心(xin)、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)支(zhi)架、轉子(zi)(zi)(zi)繞組、集(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)環(huan)、換向器和風扇等部(bu)(bu)件；輔助部(bu)(bu)分包括(kuo)軸承(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和冷卻器等。

2.電機分類

電(dian)(dian)機有多種分(fen)類方式，按(an)照應(ying)用領域分(fen)為(wei)動力電(dian)(dian)機和控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)機；按(an)照電(dian)(dian)源類型分(fen)為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機和交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)機。

（1）按照應用(yong)領域(yu)分為動力電機和控制電機

動(dong)(dong)力電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)功率較大(da)，注重(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)的驅動(dong)(dong)、運行及(ji)制動(dong)(dong)性(xing)(xing)能，主要(yao)應(ying)用于汽車、家電(dian)、小型機(ji)床等(deng)(deng)領(ling)域。控(kong)制電(dian)機(ji)側重(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)量的幅(fu)頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)、相頻特(te)性(xing)(xing)及(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)特(te)性(xing)(xing)的精(jing)度(du)、靈敏度(du)、穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)、線性(xing)(xing)度(du)等(deng)(deng)指(zhi)標，精(jing)度(du)高、響應(ying)速度(du)快，主要(yao)在自動(dong)(dong)控(kong)制系統(tong)中承擔執行、檢測和解算(suan)功能。

1）動力電機

按照運動(dong)(dong)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進一步分為旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機和(he)直(zhi)線電(dian)機。直(zhi)線電(dian)機可(ke)看作(zuo)由旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)電(dian)機展(zhan)平而(er)得，其(qi)定子叫初(chu)級(ji)、轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子叫次級(ji)，其(qi)優(you)勢在于可(ke)以直(zhi)接將(jiang)電(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換為直(zhi)線運動(dong)(dong)的(de)機械能(neng)，而(er)無(wu)需(xu)再借助中(zhong)間轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換裝(zhuang)置。常見(jian)的(de)直(zhi)線電(dian)機可(ke)分為U型槽式(shi)(shi)(shi)、平板式(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)(shi)。其(qi)主要(yao)應用于自動(dong)(dong)控制系統、短(duan)距離需(xu)要(yao)巨(ju)大直(zhi)線運動(dong)(dong)能(neng)的(de)裝(zhuang)置或作(zuo)為長期連續運行(xing)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)機，例如用于磁(ci)懸浮列車以及無(wu)鋼(gang)絲繩電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)驅(qu)動(dong)(dong)。

2）控制電機

按(an)照控(kong)制方式進(jin)一(yi)步分為步進(jin)電(dian)機、伺服(fu)電(dian)機、力矩(ju)電(dian)機。

步(bu)進電(dian)機是(shi)一種把電(dian)脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號轉換成角位移的電(dian)動機，每輸入一個脈(mo)沖(chong)信(xin)(xin)號，步(bu)進電(dian)機就按照設(she)定(ding)的方向轉動一個固定(ding)的角度(du)(du)。其結構(gou)簡(jian)單(dan)但效率(lv)和精度(du)(du)較低，多用(yong)于辦公自動化、通信(xin)(xin)設(she)備、印刷(shua)設(she)備等領域。 

伺服電機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)較于步(bu)進電機(ji)(ji)增加了編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)與反饋機(ji)(ji)制，使得驅動器(qi)可以(yi)根據目標值與編(bian)(bian)碼(ma)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反饋信號(hao)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)來調整轉子轉動的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度，從(cong)而(er)可實現更精密的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，主要適用于半導體、光(guang)伏、鋰電、工業(ye)自動化(hua)、機(ji)(ji)器(qi)人等對于控制精度、速(su)度響應、過(guo)載能力及穩定性要求高的(de)(de)(de)(de)領域。空(kong)心(xin)杯(bei)電機(ji)(ji)是一(yi)種特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)伺服電機(ji)(ji)，采用無鐵芯轉子，呈(cheng)空(kong)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)杯(bei)狀結構(gou)，內部(bu)環繞著繞組和(he)磁(ci)鐵。

力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機是以扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)為控制方向的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機，采用開環控制。當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)增大時能(neng)自動降低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)，同時加大輸出轉(zhuan)矩(ju)，當(dang)負載轉(zhuan)矩(ju)為一定值時改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機端電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓便可調速(su)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機低(di)速(su)甚至堵轉(zhuan)（轉(zhuan)子無(wu)法(fa)轉(zhuan)動）時仍能(neng)持續(xu)運轉(zhuan)，不(bu)會造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機的(de)損壞(huai)，并提(ti)供穩定的(de)力(li)(li)矩(ju)給(gei)負載，具有(you)低(di)轉(zhuan)速(su)、大扭(niu)(niu)矩(ju)、過載能(neng)力(li)(li)強、響應快、特性(xing)線(xian)性(xing)度(du)好等優(you)點。力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機分(fen)為有(you)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機和無(wu)框力(li)(li)矩(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。

（2）按照電源類型分為直流電機和交流電機

直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動，交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)由交流(liu)電(dian)源(yuan)驅動。直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)調速性能好、啟(qi)動力矩大，適用于(yu)在重(zhong)負載下(xia)啟(qi)動或需要均(jun)勻(yun)調節轉速的機(ji)械。交流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)效率高、噪音低，常用于(yu)家用電(dian)器中。

1）直流電機

按(an)照電(dian)刷(shua)的有(you)無進一(yi)步分(fen)為有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)與無刷(shua)電(dian)機(ji)。對于直流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)，為使轉子(zi)轉動需要不斷改變電(dian)流(liu)方(fang)向。

有(you)刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采用機械換向(xiang)(xiang)，內部(bu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞和(he)換向(xiang)(xiang)器一起(qi)旋轉(zhuan)，而外部(bu)的(de)磁(ci)極和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)都不動(dong)(dong)。通過換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)的(de)交替接(jie)觸，電(dian)(dian)(dian)機運(yun)行時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)的(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)就會不斷改變，從而改變電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)方向(xiang)(xiang)。其優勢在于啟動(dong)(dong)快速(su)(su)、制動(dong)(dong)及(ji)時(shi)、調速(su)(su)平穩，并且啟動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大(da)、在低(di)速(su)(su)時(shi)扭矩大(da)，因而能帶(dai)很(hen)重的(de)負荷，常用在電(dian)(dian)(dian)鉆等日常電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)工(gong)具中。但由于換向(xiang)(xiang)器與電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)之間(jian)存在摩擦，因而電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)易損耗、壽命短，并且效率較(jiao)低(di)。

無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)采用電(dian)(dian)氣換(huan)向，以(yi)霍(huo)爾(er)元件等電(dian)(dian)子(zi)換(huan)向器替代了機(ji)械電(dian)(dian)刷(shua)(shua)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其線圈不動(dong)(dong)而磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)旋轉。其原理是通過(guo)霍(huo)爾(er)元件感知永磁(ci)(ci)體磁(ci)(ci)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)，從而適時(shi)(shi)切換(huan)線圈中電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)方向，以(yi)產(chan)生正確方向的(de)(de)(de)磁(ci)(ci)力來驅動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)。無(wu)(wu)刷(shua)(shua)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)優勢在于故障率低(di)、使(shi)用壽命長、運行(xing)時(shi)(shi)間和電(dian)(dian)壓比較穩定。

2）交流電機

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)機按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)類型分為(wei)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機與三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機。單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子僅含一個繞組(zu)，需借(jie)助啟動線圈或運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)等(deng)以產生旋轉磁場(chang)。特點是結構簡單(dan)、維(wei)修方便(bian)，多應用(yong)于(yu)小型家用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)等(deng)生活場(chang)景。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機采(cai)用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)，定(ding)子繞組(zu)分為(wei)三(san)組(zu)，通入互差120°的交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)就(jiu)可(ke)產生旋轉磁場(chang)。三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機效率高(gao)、功率大、可(ke)靠性和精度高(gao)，多用(yong)于(yu)水泵、機床等(deng)工業領域。

交流電機按照轉子轉速與定子旋轉磁場的轉速是否相同，交流電機分為同步電機與異步電機。同步電機的轉速恒定，而異步電機的轉速可以隨著負載的變化而調節。常見的電力拖動機械大多由異步電機驅動，如空氣壓縮機、鼓風機、大型起重設備等。而同步電機主要適用于要求轉速恒定的大功率生產機械，如連續式軋鋼機、球磨機等，由于其造價昂貴、維修困難而應用較少。